UC-NRLF 


B   M   7fll   MfiD 


IKEE  PUBLIC  MUSEUM 

S.  A.  BARRETT 

LIBRARY 

tMtVCRSITY  OF 
CAUfQVNIA 

DSJTHROPOLOGY 


MILWAUKEE  PUBLIC  MUSEUM 
FROM  S.  A.  BARRETT 


8,  A.  BARRET! 


SMITHSONIAN  MISCELLANEOUS  COLLECTIONS 

VOLUME  59,  NUMBER  1 


THE  NATIVES  OF  KHARGA  OASIS, 
EGYPT 


WITH  THIRTY-EIGHT  PLATES 


BY 

DR.  ALES  HRDLICKA1 

Curator,  Division  of  Physical  Anthropology,  U.  S.  National  Museum 


1 

|PER\    ~x-t?65vT     7OHI1 

w 

(PUBLICATION  2071) 


CITY  OF  WASHINGTON 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 

1912 


BALTIMORE,  MD.,  U.  S.  A. 


A 


zr  -y  //  77 

ANTHROP. 
LIBRARY 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

1.  Introduction    I 

2.  Geographical  and  historical  notes  on  the  Great  Oasis  3 

3.  Recent  data  on  the  Kharga  Oasis  people 7 

4.  General  observations  and  information  gathered  by  the  writer 9 

Environment    9 

Social  and  medical  records  13 

5.  Vital  statistics  of  the  Kharga  Oasis  16 

Population  in  1907  16 

Births  and  Deaths 17 

Vital  statistics  of  Kharga  Village  for  five  years 17 

Vital  statistics  of  Gennah  Village  for  five  years 18 

Vital  statistics  of  Boulac  and  Beris  for  one  year 18 

Sex  rate  19 

Vital  statistics  of  Kharga  and  Gennah  by  quarters 20 

Births  and  deaths  at  Kharga  by  months 21 

Resume  of  vital  statistics 21 

6.  Physiological  observations  on  the  Kharga  Oasis  natives 22 

Pulse    23 

Respiration    24 

Temperature    26 

Pulse,  respiration,  and  temperature  in  relation  to  age 27 

Pulse,  respiration,  and  temperature  in  relation  to  extremes  of 

stature   28 

Pulse,  respiration,  and  temperature  in  relation  to  vigor 28 

Muscular  strength  29 

Pressure  force  in  hands 30 

Traction  force   30 

Muscular  strength  according  to  age 31 

Resume  of  principal  physiological  observations  32 

7.  Observations  on  the  body 32 

Color    32 

Hair   33 

Features  of  the  head   34 

Facial  features   34 

Body   and   limbs    . . . 36 

Concluding  remarks  on  non-instrumental  observations.... 36 

8.  Measurements    36 

Stature    , 36 

Height  sitting  . .  38 

Relation  of  height  sitting  to  stature    40 

Height  and  height  sitting  in  the  shortest  and  the  tallest 42 

Head    42 

Length   42 

Breadth   43 

Relation  of  length  and  breadth  of  head  to  stature 44 

in 


067 


IV  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Cephalic  index   47 

Mean  cephalic  index  in  various  North- African  groups . .  48 

Height   48 

Cephalic  Module 52 

Relation  of  size  of  head  to  stature  . . ....... .. 54 

Relation  of  size  of  head  to  form  of  head 57 

Face '...'..' 58 

Height,    total 58 

Height  of  forehead 60 

Height,   chin-nasion 61 

Relation  of  height  of  face  and  of  height  of  forehead  to 

stature,  head  length,  head  form,  and  age 64 

Breadth . . 66 

Relation  of  breadth  of  face  to  breadth,  form,  and  size 

of   head 68 

Physiognomic  index 69 

Anatomic  index 70 

Relation  of  facial  (anatomic)  with  cephalic  index 72 

Nose ." . 73 

Height 73 

Relation  of  the  facial  and  nasal  height  in  those  of  short- 
est and  those  of  longest  faces 75 

Breadth 75 

Relation   of  the   facial   and  nasal  breadth   in  those   of 

shortest  and  those  of  longest  faces 76 

Nasal  index  77 

Nasal  index  in  the  living  non-negroid  peoples  of  North- 
Africa 78 

Dimensions  of  nose  in  cases  of  lowest  and  highest  nasal 

index    81 

Nasal  measurements  and  index  in  relation  to  age 82 

Nasal  index  in  adults  between  27  and  54  years  of  age. .  84 
Relation  of  nasal  index  to  nasal  height  and  breadth,  to 
facial   height,  breadth   and   index,   and  to   cephalic 

index    85 

Secondary  facial  measurements   86 

Diameter  frontal  minimum 86 

Relation  of  diameter  frontal  minimum  to  breadth  of  face 

and  breadth  of   head    87 

Mouth,  width    87 

Relation    of   the    width    of   mouth    to    breadth    of    face, 

breadth  of  nose,  and  to  age 88 

Diameter  bigonial   89 

Relation  of   diameter  bigonial  to  breadth  of   face  and 

breadth  of  head    90 

Ears    91 

Height  of  left  ear 92 

Breadth  of  left  ear  92 

Ear  index  93 

Dimensions  of  ears  according  to  age 94 


CONTENTS  V 

PAGE 

Additional  measurements   95 

Hand,  left,  length  95 

Breadth   96 

Index   96 

Foot,   left,  length    96 

Breadth    97 

Index    97 

Relation  of  the  length  of  the  hands  and  feet  and  of  their 

indices  to  stature  and  age 98 

Leg,  girth  100 

Summary  of  the  main  results  shown  by  measurements 100 

Tables  of  comparison 100 

Comparison  of  measurements  of  the  Kharga  natives  and 

various  other  groups  of  Egyptians  and  Nubians....  101 
Comparison   of  the  measurements   of  the   Kharga   men 

with  those  of  Soudanese  and  other  negroes ,  102 

9.  Conclusions  102 

10.  Bibliography    104 

11.  Appendix :    Detailed  measurements   106 


LIST  OF  PLATES 

PLATE 

1.  The  Village  of  Kharga. 

2.  A  typical  street  in  Kharga  Village  with  women's  and  children's  quarters 

on  roofs. 

3.  A  street  in  Kharga  Village. 

PORTRAITS  OF  KHARGA  OASIS  NATIVES 

4.  Shek  Moustafa  Hanadi,  the  Omdeh  of  the  Oasis   (his  ancestors  came, 

many  generations  ago,  from  Arabia). 

5.  Young  man. 

6.  Young  men ;  approach  Nubian  types  in  physiognomy. 

7.  Young  men;  one  on  right  quite  blind. 

8.  Young  men,  unusually  dark,  possibly  slight  negro  admixture. 

9.  Young  farmer,  ordinary  type  of  physiognomy. 

10.  Two  young  men,  showing  ordinary  facial  features  in  outline. 

11.  Two  young  men. 

12.  A  young  farmer,  typical  oasis  physiognomy. 

13.  Young  farmer,  somewhat  asymmetric  features. 

14.  Two  men  with  physiognomy  of  Mediterranean  type. 

15.  A  man  near  40  years  of  age. 

16.  A  farmer,  ordinary  oasis  physiognomy. 

17.  Man  about  40,  somewhat  Semitic  type  of  face. 

18.  Man  of  strong  physique,  ordinary  Kharga  physiognomy. 

19.  One  of  the  better  conditioned. 

20.  Two  farmers. 

21.  Two  agricultural  natives,  side  view. 

22.  Man  about  45  years  of  age. 

23.  Man  approximately  50  years  of  age. 

24.  Two  middle-aged  men. 

25.  Middle-aged  agricultural  laborer. 

26.  Middle-aged  man. 

27.  Middle-aged  man  of  somewhat  better  class. 

28.  Middle-aged  farmer,  somewhat  Semitic  physiognomy. 

29.  A  farmer. 

30.  Man  about  55  years  of  age. 

31.  A  slightly  ageing  farmer,  typical  Kharga  physiognomy. 

32.  A  somewhat  ageing  man,  fine  Semitic  physiognomy. 

33.  Man  near  60  years  of  age. 

34.  Ageing  farmer,  typical  Kharga  features. 

35.  Man  about  65  years  of  age. 

36.  Somewhat  aged  man  (loss  of  teeth). 

37.  Aged  but  still  quite  robust  man. 

38.  Aged  man. 


VI 


THE  NATIVES  OF  THE  KHARGA  OASIS,  EGYPT 

BY  DR.  ALES  HRDLICKA 

CURATOR,  DIVISION  OF  PHYSICAL  ANTHROPOLOGY,  U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM 
(WITH   THIRTY-EIGHT   PLATES) 

1.  INTRODUCTION 

For  a  number  of  years  important  and  very  careful  archeological 
researches  have  been  conducted  in  Egypt  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York  City.  These  researches 
have  been  carried  on  by  Mr.  A.  M.  Lythgoe,  Curator  of  the  Egyptian 
Department  in  the  Metropolitan  Museum,  and  his  able  assistants, 
Mr.  A.  C.  Mace,  and  Mr.  Herbert  E.  Winlock.  They  have  extended, 
thus  far,  principally  to  certain  pyramids  and  cemeteries  of  the  Xllth 
Dynasty,  and  to  the  temple  of  Hibis  as  well  as  the  large  early  Chris- 
tian necropolis  at  the  Great  or  Kharga  (=  Eastern)  Oasis. 

The  dynastic  monuments  and  cemeteries  actually  under  exploration 
by  the  Expedition  are  those  of  Amenemhat  I.  and  Usertesen  I.,  the 
first  two  kings  of  the  Middle  Empire.  They  are  situated  on  the 
western  margin  of  the  desert  bordering  the  Nile  valley,  near  the 
native  town  of  Lisht,  some  thirty  miles  south  of  Cairo.  The  research 
is  being  directed  in  part  toward  the  clearing  of  the  great  pyramid 
temples,  and  in  part  to  the  examination  of  what  remains  of  the 
contents  of  the  graves,  particularly  in  the  numerous  and  remarkable 
burial  pits  located  about  the  more  northern  of  the  two  pyramids. 

The  excavations  have  been  attended  from  the  beginning  by  the 
recovery  of  skeletal  remains  dating  especially  from  the  Xllth,  but 
also  from  the  XVIIIth  to  the  XXIst  Dynasties.  In  view  of  the 
fact  that  a  large  amount  of  this  skeletal  material  could  be  definitely 
identified  from  a  chronological  standpoint,  and  because  of  the  great 
scarcity  of  Egyptian  skeletal  remains  in  American  collections,  the 
writer  endeavored  to  bring  about  a  saving  of  such  crania  and  bones 
for  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  and  eventually,  due  to  the  generosity 
of  the  authorities  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum  and  the  aid  of  Mr. 
Lythgoe,  an  arrangement  to  that  effect  was  perfected  by  the  two 
Institutions.  As  a  result  of  this  arrangement,  the  National  Museum 
is  already  in  possession  of  more  than  three  hundred  well  dated 

SMITHSONIAN  MISCELLANEOUS  COLLECTIONS,  VOL.  59,  No.  t. 


2  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

Egyptian  crania,  with  a  large  quantity  of  other  osseous  parts ;  and 
it  is  hoped  that  as  the  field  work  goes  on,  this  collection  will  increase 
to  important  proportions  and  form  a  study  and  reference  series 
unique  on  this  continent  and  of  the  highest  scientific  value. 

The  Metropolitan  Museum's  explorations  at  the  Kharga  Oasis 
resulted  also  in  the  unearthing  of  a  considerable  number  of  bodies, 
in  this  case  proceeding  from  the  Coptic  burials  of  the  second  and 
third  centuries  A.  D.  This  material  is  also  destined  for  the  U.  S. 
National  Museum.  It  comes  mostly  in  the  shape  of  natural  mummies 
in  a  remarkably  good  state  of  preservation,  and  will  be  of  especial 
value  for  comparisons  and  in  the  study  of  the  entire  skeletons. 
Some  of  the  bones  and  mummies  from  the  Oasis  have  already 
reached  the  National  Museum,  while  another  collection  awaits  trans- 
portation. 

The  co-operation  of  the  two  Institutions,  however,  soon  developed 
the  fact  that  for  a  more  thorough  understanding  of  the  conditions, 
and  also  for  the  purpose  of  utilizing  favorable  local  opportunities  in 
the  study  of  the  living  remnants  of  the  Egyptians,  particularly  at 
the  Great  Oasis,  a  personal  visit  to  the  field  by  an  anthropologist 
was  desirable.  Toward  the  end  of  1908,  the  means  provided  for 
the  Metropolitan  Museum  expedition  rendering  such  a  visit  feasible, 
the  writer  was  detailed  by  the  National  Museum  for  the  journey. 
He  spent  ten  weeks  in  Egypt,  partly  at  Cairo,  where,  due  to  the 
courtesies  of  Prof.  G.  Elliot-Smith,  he  was  able  to  study  the  skeletal 
remains  from  several  important  periods,  especially  the  invaluable 
early  pre-dynastic,  Naga-el-Der,  collection ;  partly  at  the  Lisht  exca- 
vations, where  numerous  Xllth  Dynasty  crania  and  other  skeletal 
parts  were  collected;  and  partly  at  the  Great  Oasis,  where,  besides 
some  work  on  the  mummies  and  skeletal  remains,  measurements  and 
observations  were  made  on  150  of  the  living  adult  male  inhabitants. 

The  present  paper  deals  only  with  the  last  named  investigations. 
The  value  of  the  studies  on  the  Kharga  Oasis  natives  lies  in  the  fact 
that  these  people  have  received  as  yet  no  scientific  attention ;  and 
that,  due  to  their  isolation,  and  their  former  adherence  to  the  Copts, 
they  may  be  regarded  as  purer  representatives  of  the  old  inhabitants 
of  that  region  than  the  people  of  many  parts  of  the  valley  are  of 
their  more  ancient  predecessors.  Moreover,  results  of  the  observa- 
tions ought  to  prove  of  special  interest  medically,  due  to  the  isolation 
of  the  people  and  their  peculiar  environmental  conditions. 

The  studies  were  restricted  to  individuals  of  normal  (that  is,  non- 
pathological)  development,  who  did  not  show  by  their  hair  or  fea- 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA   OASIS HRDLICKA  3 

tures  negro  admixture.  The  selection  on  the  last  mentioned  basis 
is  of  particular  importance,  for  an  inclusion  of  those  who  are  visibly 
part  negro  would  necessarily  vitiate  the  outcome  of  the  observations. 
Even  with  the  precaution  taken  some  individuals  were  doubtless 
included  who  were  not  free  from  negro  blood,  but  the  influence  of 
such  unrecognizable  cases  on  the  results  must  be  small.  The  mixture 
with  the  negro  at  the  Oasis  is  on  the  whole  less  extensive  than  in 
some  parts  of  the  valley.  It  is  also  in  general  more  modern  and 
more  easily  eliminated. 

The  women  of  the  Oasis,  regrettably,  could  not  be  studied,  due  to 
the  restrictions  of  the  Mohammedan  religion. 

2.  GEOGRAPHICAL  AND  HISTORICAL  NOTES  ON  THE 

GREAT  OASIS 

The  Kharga  Oasis  lies1  130  miles  west  from  Luxor,  the  ancient 
Thebes ;  the  nearest  point  on  the  Nile,  however,  is  less  distant.  For 
the  last  four  years  it  has  been  connected  with  the  Nile  valley  by  a 
railroad ;  before  that  time  it  was  reached  only  by  from  three  to  five 
days'  journey  across  the  desert  with  camels. 

The  Oasis  is  a  great  but  shallow  and  flat  depression,  over  3,000 
square  kilometers  in  extent,  in  the  Libyan  Desert,  which  in  these 
regions  is  absolutely  barren.  It  extends  roughly  between  the  paral- 
lels of  26°  to  24°  north  latitude  and  forms  the  eastern  portion  of  an 
immense  shallow  natural  excavation,  the  western  part  of  which  is 
the  Western  or  Dakhla  Oasis  (fig.  i) . 

The  Kharga  Oasis  has  been  peopled  since  early  dynastic  if  not 
pre-dynastic  times.  It  yields  ancient  stone  implements,  is  mentioned 
in  some  of  the  oldest  Egyptian  records,  and  contains  the  remains  of 
numerous  old  settlements  as  well  as  of  several  temples.  It  also  has 
the  best  preserved  Coptic  necropolis. 

At  the  present  time,  as  probably  always  in  the  past,  a  great  part 
of  the  Oasis  depression  is  desert.  The  habitable  portions  are  those 
that  contain  flowing,  generally  artificial  wells.  These  parts,  several 
in  number,  are  separated  by  the  sands  and  barrens  and  are  the  real 
oases  in  the  great  arid  desert  depression. 

Each  of  these  smaller  or  larger  watered  areas  is  represented  by 
a  village  or  town,  the  main  of  which,  from  north  to  south,  are  known 
as  Kharga,  Gennah,  Boulac  or  Bulaq,  and  Beris.  In  addition  there 


following,  in  the  main,  J.  Ball,  "Kharga  Oasis:  its  Topography  and 
Geology."  Geological  Survey  Report.  Survey  Department,  Egypt,  1899;  8°. 
Cairo,  1900;  and  Beadnell,  H.  J.  L— An  Egyptian  Oasis,  8°,  London,  1909. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.  59 


are  several  settlements  of  minor  importance,  and  a  number  of  places 
that  are  occupied  only  for  a  time  each  year,  during  the  growing  or 
gathering  of  crops. 

The  total  number  of  the  present  inhabitants  of  the  Great  Oasis, 
including   some    Bedouins,    is   somewhat   less   that    10,000.      Their 


28'     Longitude  £mit  from         30  c        Gnanwlch 


FIG.  i. — Sketch  map  of  Egypt,  showing  the  position  of  the  oases.   (After 
Ball.) 

ethnic  origin  and  the  time  of  their  immigration  into  the  Oasis  are 
both  uncertain.  The  earliest  record  thus  far  discovered  relating 
directly  to  the  Oasis  dates  from  the  Xllth  Dynasty,  or  a  little  less 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS — HRDLICKA  5 

than  2000  years  B.  C.1  It  narrates  that  "  Ikudidi,  a  steward  of 
Sesostris  I.,  was  dispatched  by  him  to  the  great  oasis  of  El  Khargeh 
on  the  west  of  Abydos,  whence  the  caravans  started  thither  " ;  which 
would  seem  to  indicate  that  the  Oasis  already  formed  a  component 
part  of  upper  Egypt  and  was  in  frequent  communication  with  that 
country. 

There  is  in  existence,  however,  a  much  earlier  and  very  suggestive 
record,  which  possibly  implies  a  still  more  ancient  suzerainty  of 
Egypt  over  the  southwestern  settlement,  and  may  contain  a  dew  to 
the  ethnic  derivation  of  the  early  inhabitants  of  the  Oasis.  It  dates 
from  the  reign  of  Mernere,  of  the  6th  Dynasty,  or  from  about  2500 
years  B.  C.,  and  speaks  of  a  general  of  that  king  dispatched  to  the 
"  distant  Yam,"  which  is  identified  by  Egyptologists  as  a  part  of 
Nubia  lying  between  the  second  and  third  cataracts.2  Arriving  in 
Yam,  Harkhuf,  the  general  in  question,  "  found  its  chief  engaged  in 
a  war  with  the  southernmost  settlements  of  the  Temehu  tribes,  related 
to  the  Libyans,  on  the  west  of  Yam.  Harkhuf  immediately  went 
after  him  and  had  no  difficulty  in  reducing  him  to  subjection."  ' 

If  the  tribes  west  of  the  Yam  people  were  of  the  Temehu,  related 
to  the  Libyans  or  Berbers,  then  it  is  quite  probable  that  the  Kharga 
Oasis  people,  dwelling  approximately  300  miles  more  northward  of 
the  Yam  country,  in  the  Libyan  desert  and  in  the  line  of  migration 
from  the  Libyan  lands  in  the  north,  were  of  the  same  extraction.  It 
is  even  possible  that  the  mention  referred  directly  to  the  southern 
Oasis  (Kharga  and  Dakhla),  in  which  case  the  record  would  also 
imply  that  the  Oasis  inhabitants  were  at  that  time  subjects  of  Egypt 
and  as  such  received  protection. 

As  to  references  in  foreign  authors,  Herodotus  writes  (Thalia) 
that  the  Persian  troops  of  Cambyses  "  who  were  sent  against  the 
Ammonians,  leaving  Thebes,  followed  their  guides,  and  appear  to 
have  reached  the  city  Oasis,  which  those  Samians,  who  are  said  to 
be  of  the  Aeschrionian  tribe,  inhabit,  distant  from  Thebes  seven  days' 
journey  across  the  sand."  This  can,  its  seems,  refer  only  to  the 
Great  Oasis  ;  but  it  is  not  clear  who  were  meant  by  the  Aeschrionians. 

Edmonstone  *  mentions  a  passage  from  Josephus  contra  Apionem, 


1  Breasted,  J.  H. :  Ancient  Records  of  Egypt,  Vol.  I,  Chicago,  1905,  pp.  524- 
528;  A  History  of  Egypt,  2d  ed.,  8°  N.  Y.,  1909,  p.  182. 

2  See  map  at  the  end  of  the  volume  in  Breasted's  History  of  Egypt,  cited 
in  the  preceding  foot-note. 

3  Breasted,  J.  H. :  Ancient  Records  of  Egypt,  Vol.  I,  pp.  333-336;  History  of 
Egypt,  1909,  p.  138. 

4  Edmonstone,  A. :     A  Journey  to  Two  of  the  Oases  of  Upper  Egypt.    8°. 
London,  1822,  pp.  133-134. 


6  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

Lib.  2,  which  indicates  that  in  the  time  of  Josephus  the  population 
of  those  remote  tracts  was  considered  as  pure  Egyptian.  In  attack- 
ing Apion,  Josephus  accuses  him  of  wishing  to  be  considered  a 
Greek,  when  he  is  an  Egyptian,  and  says  "  He  believes  himself  [a 
Greek],  and  that  too,  being  born  in  the  Oasis  of  Egypt  whence  he 
is,  as  one  would  say,  the  first  of  all  Egyptians." 

During  the  periods  of  the  Persian,  Greek,  and  Roman  dominions 
of  Egypt,  the  Oasis  was  evidently  regarded  as  an  inherent  part  of 
Egypt  and  its  inhabitants  as  not  differing  from  the  Valley  Egyptians. 
It  suffered,  as  it  probably  did  before,  invasions  of  the  more  southern 
and  more  warlike  tribes,  which,  however,  did  not  result  in  coloniza- 
tion. 

Edmonstone  thus  quotes  (pp.  I 39-140) *  two  letters  of  the  bishop 
Nestorius,  referring  to  later  times,  particularly  to  destructive  raids 
on  the  Oasis  by  the  "  Blemmyes  "  and  other  more  southern  tribes : 
"  After  the  Oasis  was,  as  I  mentioned  above,  taken  by  the  bar- 
barian (Blemmyes),  and  completely  laid  waste  and  devastated  by 
fire,  they  who,  for  what  cause  I  know  not,  carried  me  off,  suddenly 
took  compassion  and  dismissed  me,  adding  threats,  however,  if  I 
did  not  instantly  leave  the  country,  for  they  said  the  Maziei  were  to 
take  possession  as  soon  as  we  left  it."  The  Blemmyes,  according 
to  Strabo  (Xylandri,  L.  17,  p.  786),  were  subject  to  the  Ethiopians, 
and  inhabited  "  both  sides  of  the  Nile,  on  the  borders  of  Egypt,  to 
which  country,  being  a  nomad  race,  they  became  very  troublesome 
neighbors."  These  raids  have  in  all  probability  repeatedly  reduced 
the  population  of  the  Oasis,  but  did  not  alter  its  ethnic  nature. 

There  are  a  few  later  records  concerning  Kharga,  touching  on  its 
famous  wines,  on  its  tributes  to  Egypt,  on  its  being  used  as  a  place 
of  banishment  (particularly  during  the  early  centuries  of  the  Chris- 
tian era)  and  on  its  temples,  its  Christians  (Copts),  and  its  garri- 
sons,2 but  these  contain  nothing  of  anthropological  interest  except 
the  indication  of  the  affluence  to  the  Oasis,  through  those  who  were 
banished  thither  and  through  the  garrison  personnel,  of  foreign 


1  From  Evagrius,  Hist.  Eel.,  Lib.  I,  cap.  5. 

*  The  references  apply  in  some  of  the  cases  to  the  oases  in  general.  Thus, 
for  instance,  the  "  Notitia  dignitatum,"  composed  under  the  sons  of  Theo- 
dosius  the  Great  and  mentioned  by  Schweinfurth  in  his  "  Notizen  zur  Kennt- 
niss  der  Oase  El-Chargeh  "  (Petermann's  Mittheilungen,  1875,  P-  385),  speaks 
of  the  garrisons  of  the  oases  as  having  been  composed  of  Quades,  Armenians 
and  Ahasges.  And  when  the  Great  Oasis  is  spoken  of  separately  it  doubt- 
less includes  mostly  Dakhla  as  well  as  Kharga,  for  these  were  not  always 
distinguished  as  two  separate  territories. 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA   OASIS HRDLICKA  7 

racial  elements,  some  of  which  doubtless  mixed  or  fused  with  the 
population  j1  but  the  total  effect  of  these  mixtures  on  the  physical 
status  of  the  Oasis  people  was  probably  only  moderate.  The  inscrip- 
tions on  the  temple  of  Hibis,  at  Kharga,  refer  to  the  oases,  according 
to  Beadnell,  under  the  comprehensive  name  "  Set-ament,"  or  "  the 
Western  Lands,"  without  any  further  distinction  or  information. 

The  above  is  about  all  that  can  be  said  about  the  Oasis  from  the 
anthropological  standpoint  up  to  the  time  of  the  Arab  invasion  con- 
cerning which  there  are  no  details.  After  the  coming  of  the  Arabs, 
however,  and  the  introduction  of  the  camel,  there  followed  the  estab- 
lishment, or  more  probably  an  increase  in  importance,  of  the  Soudan- 
Assiout  and  other  caravan  routes,  which  lead  across  the  Oasis.  The 
Soudan  route  then  became  the  artery  of  extensive  black  slave  traffic 
and  this  introduced  gradually  into  the  Oasis  a  supply  of  Soudanese 
negro  slaves,  and  influenced  to  an  important  degree  the  racial  char- 
acter of  the  natives.  The  slaves  were  obtained  from  the  caravans  in 
exchange  for  animals  or  goods,  or  as  leavings  in  cases  of  sickness  or 
accident,  and  were  eventually  embodied  into  the  population.  In  the 
course  of  several  hundred  years,  this  negro  admixture  accumulated 
to  such  a  degree  that  today  nearly  one-third  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Oasis  show  more  or  less  pronounced  traces  of  negro  admixture. 

Some  of  the  negro  admixture  is  recent,  or  well  remembered  in 
the  families,  other  admixture  is  older  and  more  difficult  to  trace ;  but 
very  nearly  all  is  post-Coptic,  for  the  mummies  and  bones  recovered 
from  the  great  Coptic  necropolis  present  almost  exclusively  hair  and 
features  of  a  non-negroid  character. 

There  doubtless  also  came  into  the  Oasis  in  the  course  of  time 
some  settlers  from  the  Nile  valley.  How  strong  the  Arab  and  the 
Valley  accessions  may  have  been,  particularly  in  periods  of  partial 
depopulation  of.  the  Oasis  by  epidemics  or  enemies,  it  is  impossible 
to  say,  yet  it  is  probable  that  not  many  were  attracted  to  the  isolated, 
exposed,  initially  quite  unhealthful,  and  especially  poor  region,  and 
that  the  bulk  of  the  population  maintained  or  renewed  itself  princi- 
pally through  natural  augmentation. 

3.  RECENT  DATA  ON  THE  KHARGA  OASIS  PEOPLE 

Modern  references  to  the  Egyptians  of  the  Great  Oasis  are  almost 
as  scarce  as  those  of  the  older  times,  and  what  there  are,  with  one  or 
two  exceptions,  touch  only  indirectly  on  the  people  themselves.  The 


1  During  the  writer's  examination  a  man  was  found  whose  family  claims 
descent  from  a  Roman  soldier  married  to  a  native  woman;  and  there  are  said 
to  be  several  such  cases  in  the  Oasis. 


8  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS   COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

literature  is  given  in  the  bibliography.    A  few  data  of  especial  interest 
are  as  follows : 

Browne,  who  passed  through  the  Oasis  in  I793,1  mentions  the 
acquiring  by  the  inhabitants  of  Nubian  negro  slaves  (p.  261)  : 
"  When  we  came  to  Beiris  we  were  met  by  a  Cashef,  who  welcomed 
the  lelabs  with  an  exhibition  of  fireworks ;  on  this  occasion  .he  treats 
the  chief  merchants  with  coffee,  and  presents  to  each  a  benish  of 
coarse  cloth,  worth  about  a  guinea,  expecting,  however,  in  return  a 
slave  from  each,  worth  at  least  ten  guineas." 

Quatremere,2  in  1811,  mentions  a  new  devastation  of  the  Great 
Oasis  by  the  Blemmyes. 

In  1835,  tne  Kharga  Oasis  was  visited  by  Hoskins,  and  in  the. 
description  of  his  journey,  published  in  1837,"  the  author  says  (p. 
81)  :  "The  inhabitants  of  this  town  (Khargeh),  and  indeed  of  all 
the  Oasis,  have  (with  some  exceptions),  not  such  strongly  marked 
features  as  the  Arab  of  the  Nile,  and  their  complexion  is  lighter 
than  that  of  the  peasants  of  Egypt  in  the  same  latitude.  But  they 
are  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  pallid  and  unhealthily  hue  of  their 
countenances.,  just  such  a  tint,  or  rather  expression,  allowing  for 
the  difference  of  color,  as  distinguishes  the  inhabitants  of  the  Pon- 
tine  marshes ;  a  languid  and  sickly  appearance ;  a  listlessness  in  their 
manner ;  a  sluggishness  in  their  movements ;  a  total  want  of  energy 
and  vivacity — all  proofs  of  the  insalubrity  of  the  climate,  and  the 
wretched  effects  of  a  baneful  malaria.  This  pallid  hue  is  most  remark- 
able in  their  children  and  women ;  the  men,  exposed  to  the  influence 
of  a  tropical  sun,  have  an  appearance  somewhat  less  unhealthy." 
On  pp.  82-83  Hoskins  mentions  the  presence  at  the  Oasis  of  malaria 
and  ophthalmia ;  on  pp.  86-88  he  says  "  the  women  are  not  obliged 
to  cover  their  faces  or  live  in  the  seclusion  of  harem  " — conditions 
now  quite  changed.  The  women,  he  thinks  (p.  87),  with  their 
"  pale  complexion  "  are  better  looking  than  those  of  the  Valley  and 
have  more  regular  features.  Finally,  on  page  89,  he  estimates  the 
population  of  the  whole  Oasis  at  4,300,  of  Kharga  alone  at  3,000. 

Caillaud,  Schweinfurth,  Brugsch,  Golenischeff,  and  Ball  give 
valuable  data  on  the  archeology  of  the  Kharga  Oasis,  and  the  last 


1  Browne,  W.  G. :  Travels  in  Africa,  Egypt  and  Syria.  4°.  2d  ed.,  London, 
1806. 

8  Quatremere,  E. :  Memoires  geographiques  et  historiques  sur  1'Egypt,  etc., 
2  Vols.,  8°,  Paris,  1811. 

8  Hoskins,  G.  A. :  Visit  to  the  Great  Oasis  of  the  Libyan  Desert.  8°,  Lon- 
don, 1837. 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA  9 

named,  as  well  as  Beadnell,  quotes  the  Egyptian  census  statistics  as 
to  its  population  respectively  in  1897  and  1907. 

Brugsch,  Sayce,  and  Beadnell  also  give  historical  data  concerning 
the  Oasis.  The  original  inhabitants  are  regarded  as  of  Libyan 
(Berber)  origin.  Beadnell's  work,1  as  also  that  of  Ball,  contains 
much  interesting  data  concerning  the  Kharga  wells  and  underground 
water  tunnels,  but  no  special  observations  are  recorded  on  the 
inhabitants  of  the  Oasis.  The  few  references  accorded  them  in  this 
and  other  publications  represent  them  as  rather  a  backward,  mild, 
and  somewhat  impotent  people. 

The  physical  anthropology  of  the  Kharga  people,  especially,  is  as 
yet  a  virgin  ground.  But  there  is  also  a  dearth  of  scientific  informa- 
tion on  the  living  Egyptians  of  the  valley,  though  valuable  series  of 
observations  on  the  latter  have  been  published  by  Chantre  and  more 
recently  by  Myers  of  Cambridge. 


4.  GENERAL    OBSERVATIONS,   AND   INFORMATION 
GATHERED  BY  THE  WRITER 

ENVIRONMENT 

The  shallow  depression  of  the  Kharga  Oasis  is  an  uneven,  barren, 
predominantly  sandy  waste,  partly  surrounded  or  cut  into  by  equally 
barren  rocky  scarps  or  hills.  It  is  covered  over  a  great  area  with 
moving  sand-dunes,  and  spotted  with  smaller  or  larger  patches  of 
green  within  the  waste :  the  watered  ground  and  native  settlements. 
Some  of  these  patches  are  near  enough  each  other  to  be  within  sight, 
but  others  are  separated  by  large  areas  of  the  desert,  forming  really 
separate  oases. 

The  largest  of  these  inhabited  and  cultivated  portions  is  that  of 
the  principal  village  or  town,  named  also  Kharga,  and  it  was  in  this 
village  and  the  neighborhood  that  the  writer  made  his  observations. 

The  life  in  the  Oasis  depends  entirely  on  the  water  obtained  from 
artesian  wells,  which  are  of  native  and  to  a  large  extent  of  ancient 
make,  and  which  tap  deep  supplies  in  the  Nubian  sandstone  that 
forms  the  floor  of  the  whole  depression.  The  water  thus  obtained 
makes  possible  the  existence  of  a  few  moderate  groves  of  date  palm 
and  of  some  gardens  with  olive  as  well  as  orange  trees,  and  it  serves 
for  the  irrigation  of  a  limited  extent  of  ground  used  for  agricul- 


Beadnell,  H.  J.  L. :    An  Egyptian  Oasis,  8°,  London,  1909,  pp.  66-67. 


IO  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL,    59 

ture.1  On  the  irrigated  fields  the  natives  raise  a  variety  of  barley, 
rice,  and  some  wheat,  with  a  little  sorghum  and  a  few  vegetables. 
The  land  is  generally  poor  and,  as  at  Ball's  visit,  over  a  decade  ago, 
what  is  raised,  excepting  the  dates,  barely  suffices  for  the  home  con- 
sumption. A  quantity  of  the  dates  is  exported  to  the  Valley. 

The  climate  is  that  of  the  Libyan  desert  in  general,  subtropical, 
except  that  the  air,  due  to  local  evaporation,  is  less  dry.  Rain  is 
very  rare.  The  predominating  winds  are  from  the  north,  although 
during  a  part  of  the  summer  season  sultry  winds  blow  from  the 
south.  Sand  storms  are  frequent  at  certain  times  of  the  year  and 
are  very  troublesome. 

The  wells  in  the  condition  in  which  they  are  kept  are  by  no  means 
an  unmitigated  blessing.  They  are  all  open  and  many  form  pools, 
overflows,  and  marshy  spots,  which  are  instrumental  in  the  genera- 
tion of  great  numbers  of  mosquitoes  of  several  varieties,  including 
that  which  disseminates  malaria. 

The  Oasis  is  also  infested,  especially  in  the  spring  and  the  summer 
months,  with  great  numbers  of  small  and  ordinary-sized  flies,  which 
possess  the  annoying  and  dangerous  instinct  of  trying  to  feed  on  the 
moisture  or  discharges  of  the  eyes,  nose,  and  mouth.  They  are  the 
transmitters  of  trachoma  and  doubtless  of  other  pathological  condi- 
tions. Curiously  they  are  decidedly  more  numerous  and  troublesome 
outside  than  inside  the  villages.  In  April  of  each  year  there  appears 
at  the  watered  places,  in  addition  to  the  common  varieties,  a  larger 
fly,  which  bites  camels,  inoculating  them  with  a  disease  that  often  has 
a  fatal  result.  Occasionally  this  fly  also  bites  men,  but  in  this  case  the 
bite  is  not  dangerous.  The  Oasis  harbors  also  several  poisonous 
reptiles/ 

The  Oasis  natives  live,  as  mentioned  above,  principally  in  four 
villages  (Kharga,  Gennah,  Boulac,  and  Beris),  though  tHere  are  six 
other  smaller  settlements.  These  villages  are  of  considerable  inter- 
est from  the  standpoint  of  primitive  architecture.  By  far  the  largest 
and  most  populous  is  Kharga,  which  is  inhabited  by  about  one-half 
of  the  total  population  of  the  Oasis,  and  deserves  a  brief  special 
description  (plates  1-3). 


1The  number  of  taxable  palm  trees  in  1897,  according  to  Ball  (1.  c.  p.  46), 
was  rather  less  than  eight  to  each  head  of  population,  while  the  total  taxed 
water  supply  per  person  amounted  to  about  15  cubic  meters  per  day.  These 
conditions  have  changed  but  little,  if  any,  since  then.  The  cultivated  area 
of  land  was,  in  1907,  less  than  19  square  kilometers,  or  a  little  over  half  an 
acre  to  a  person,  out  of  the  total  oasis  area  of  considerably  over  3,000  square 
kilometers. 

2  Further  details  are  given  under  notes  on  pathology. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


KHARGA  OASIS:     A  TYPICAL  STREET  IN  KHARGA  VILLAGE  WITH  WOMEN'S  AND  CHILDREN'S 

QUARTERS  ON   ROOFS 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS   COLLECTIONS 


KHARGA  OASIS:     A  STREET  IN   KHARGA  VILLAGE 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS — HRDLICKA  II 

Kharga  may  be  called  a  great  Egyptian  village,  modified  in  a 
peculiar  manner  by  local  requirements.  It  is  constructed  with  special 
regard  to  protection  from  the  sun,  heat,  and  winds,  and  also  for 
easier  defense  against  invaders,  an  important  precaution  in  the 
past.  It  is  built  of  mud  and  sun-dried  bricks ;  the  posts  of  the 
dwellings  are  of  palmwood,  the  ceilings  of  palm  leaf  ribs  and  mud. 

The  main  part  of  the  village  is  a  maze  of  narrow,  sinuous,  intri- 
cate streets.  Futhermore,  in  the  case  of  most  of  the  narrower  pas- 
sages the  upper  stories  of  the  houses  have  been  built  completely 
across  to  the  opposite  side,  converting  the  street  into  a  tortuous,  very 
dark,  tunnel  or  gallery,  five  to  seven  feet  high,  which  is  always  cool, 
quiet  and  free  from  blowing  sand,  and  in  which  defense  would  be 
easy.  A  visitor  can  not  find  his  way  through  these  passages  without 
a  guide. 

The  houses  are  one  to  two  stories  high,  in  style  like  those  of  the 
poorer  classes  in  the  Valley.  They  are  mostly  small,  irregular  and 
piled  together,  as  everywhere  in  Egypt.  In  many  instances  there 
is  an  open  air  living  room  on  the  top  of  the  dwelling,  fenced  in  by 
a  hedge  of  dry  palm  leaves  or  ribs ;  this  room  is  made  use  of  mainly 
by  the  women  and  children  (plate  2) . 

The  dwellings  as  well  as  the  streets  are  now  kept,  due  to  govern- 
ment regulations,  in  a  neat  condition,  but  formerly  are  said  to  have 
been  filthy.  There  is,  of  course,  no  system  of  sewers  and  the  dis- 
posal of  sewage  is  primitive.  Water  is  carried  to  the  dwellings 
principally  from  a  small  open  reservoir  located  within  the  town  and 
fed  by  a  surging  well.  It  is  distributed  in  goat-skins,  and  curiously, 
by  blind  men  who,  notwithstanding  their  defect,  are  said  to  be  mas- 
ters of  all  the  intricacies  of  the  streets  and  tunnel-like  passages. 

The  apartments,  so  far  as  seen,  are  of  very  moderate  dimensions 
and  often  lacking  in  light.  There  are  also  only  poor  provisions  for 
the  escape  of  smoke ;  but  the  inside  rooms  are  quite  fireproof  and 
afford  good  protection  against  heat  as  well  as  cold,  and  against  the 
winds  and  sands. 

The  people  are  in  general  poor.  In  occupation,  the  large  majority 
are  agriculturists,  and  they  gain  only  enough  for  the  bare  necessi- 
ties. They  dress  cheaply  and  lightly,  in  the  main  much  like  the 
fellaheen  (agricultural  workers)  of  the  Nile  Valley.  The  ordinary 
external  robe  or  garment  does  not  differ  much  in  the  two  sexes; 
vests  and  inner  garments,  however  (where  worn),  and  also  the 
outer  garments  of  better  quality,  as  well  as  decorations,  are  dis- 
tinctive. Some  of  the  women  wear  a  metal  ring  which  pierces  one 


12  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

of  the  alae  of  the  nose  and  hangs  down  to  the  lips.  The  head  in 
men,  closely  cropped  or  even  partly  shaved,  is  covered  with  a  closely 
fitting  cap,  or  is  lightly  turbaned,  that  of  the  women  at  home  bare, 
in  public  covered  with  an  outer  garment.  The  neck  as  a  rule  is 
uncovered.  A  large  majority  of  individuals  of  both  sexes  go  bare- 
footed, except  on  special  occasions. 

The  family  life  appears  to  be  the  same  as  that  of  the  poor  Egyptian 
of  the  Valley.  Except  the  few  who  are  better  to  do,  the  people 
sleep  on  the  floor,  on  thin  palm-strip  mats,  and,  according  to  the 
village  authorities,  often  without  covers  ;  not  because  they  do  not  need 
the  latter  (though  the  rooms  are  probably  never  very  cold),  but 
because  they  have  none. 

The  meals  are  generally  only  two  a  day,  morning  and  evening; 
and  among  the  majority  of  the  population  there  is  but  little  variety 
in  the  food.  The  predominant  and  often  exclusive  articles  of  diet 
are  rice,  in  rice  time ;  barley,  in  barley  time ;  and  dates,  in  date  time. 
There  is  scarcely  any  milk  and  no  butter.  There  are  small  tough 
chickens  and  their  small  eggs,  but  these  go  in  a  large  part  to  the 
better  conditioned  and  now  in  a  measure  also  to  the  Valley.  Meat 
among  the  ordinary  people  is  not  eaten  more  than  perhaps,  on  the 
average,  once  a  month,  and  then  it  is  usually  not  of  the  best  quality. 
They  eat  cats  and  probably  dogs,  though  the  latter  are  scarce,  there 
being  now  only  about  a  score  in  the  whole  village.  The  Kharga 
natives  used  to  eat  household  animals  of  all  kinds.  They  even  ate 
camels  that  were  diseased,  butchering  them  just  before  they  died, 
but  this  practice  is  now  prohibited  by  the  government. 

Domestic  animals  consist  of  donkeys,  a  few  cows,  goats,  and  sheep. 
Donkeys  are  the  most  common.  All  these  animals  are  diminutive  in 
size  and  often  poorly  nourished.  The  few  families  who  are  better 
off  financially  own  one  or  more  camels,  which  alone  of  the  domesti- 
cated Oasis  animals  are  usually  in  a  fairly  good  condition. 

The  occupation  of  the  natives,  as  already  mentioned,  is  almost 
exclusively  agricultural  work.1  Industry  and  manufactures  are  lim- 

xln  census  of  1907,  the  occupations  of  the  Kharga  people  are  given  as 

follows :  Ma]e  Female 

Agriculture 2,170  .... 

Cotton  industry   5 

Straw  industry  42  3 

Silk  industry  2 

Basket  making  96 

Miscellaneous    48  n 

Transport  and  trade  55  

Police  and  other  parts  of  Civil  Service 66  

Religious  69  .... 

Midwives    8 

Housework  or  no  occupation 1,899  3.9°  I 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA   OASIS HRDLICKA  13 

ited,  the  latter  consisting  of  the  production  of  mats,  baskets,  a 
variety  of  cloth,  and  some  pottery.  Of  trade  there  is  but  little,  and 
buying  and  selling  has  been  and  is  still  mostly  by  barter.  Yet  there 
are  now  several  stores  in  which  simple  necessities  can  be  purchased 
for  money,  and  regular  trade  with  the  Valley  is  increasing. 

The  Kharga  Oasis  natives  are  not  great  workers,  which,  as  will 
be  seen  further  on,  has  its  physiological  and  medical  reasons. 

SOCIAL  AND  MEDICAL  RECORDS 

As  to  social  and  medical  matters,  a  few  details  were  learned  from 
the  Omdeh  (local  head  official),  the  Maowen  (government  head 
official)  and  the  government  physician.  According  to  this  informa- 
tion, there  is  in  the  Oasis  scarcely  any  serious  crime.  The  people  do 
not  like  to  fight  and  do  not  kill.  They  do  not  beat  women  or  chil- 
dren. When  anything  is  stolen,  which  is  infrequent,  a  flag  is  put  up 
as  a  sign  that  the  property  has  been  placed  in  the  protection  of  a 
"  sheikh,"  a  dead  holy  man,  in  or  near  the  place  where  the  object 
was  stolen,  and  this  will  often  lead  the  thief  to  return  the  property. 

As  to  family  life,  girls  are  married  from  nine  years  onward. 
They  commence  to  menstruate  mostly  at  from  eleven  to  thirteen,  and 
generally  bear  children  soon  after. 

Marriage  is  not  greatly  binding.  Among  the  poor  they  often 
marry  when  there  are  plenty  of  dates  or  other  food ;  when  the  food 
supply  has  run  low  or  been  exhausted  and  the  man  can  no  longer 
support  his  wife,  they  separate.  Next  year,  the  parties  may  re-unite 
or  marry  others.  Plurality  of  wives  is  said  to  be  rare,  they  can  not 
be  provided  for. 

The  number  of  children  born  is  large  (see  Statistics),  but  there 
is  also  a  high  infant  mortality.  From  the  medical  standpoint,  the 
people,  while  not  robust,  can  not  be  said  to  be  very  sickly.  Only 
little,  however,  could  be  learned  in  this  respect  about  the  women, 
who  are  forbidden  to  associate  twith  or  even  show  their  face  to 
strangers.1  The  government  doctor  is  not  called  to  confinements.2 
He  is  not  called  to  treat  women  at  all.  They  are  left  when  ill  to 
nature,  and  their  own  devices. 

There  are  no  native  "  doctors  "  and  there  is  but  little  folk-medicine. 
Written  passages  from  the  Koran  often  take  the  place  of  medicines. 
Curiously  enough,  there  are  traces  or  remnants  of  some  medical 

1The  only  opportunity  the  writer  had  of  seeing  the  women  with  faces  un- 
covered and  in  a  larger  number  was  during  funerals  which  they  are  in  the 
habit  of  attending,  in  fact,  conducting. 

2  There  are  several  native  midwives. 


14  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS    '        VOL.    59 

usages  of  European  origin,  which  must  have  been  brought  to  the 
country  by  the  Arabs.  One  of  these  is  a  vaccination  which  the 
natives,  particularly  the  Bedouins,  perform  one  on  the  other.  It  is 
a  direct  vaccination,  some  of  the  pus  from  the  sores  of  a  subject 
attacked  with  smallpox  being  introduced  into  an  abrasion  produced 
by  a  razor  in  the  skin  of  the  one  to  be  protected.  The  wound  is 
made  preferably  on  the  leg. 

The  most  interesting  condition  is  the  apparent  absence  among 
these  poor  and  mostly  under-nourished  people  of  tuberculosis,  which 
recalls  a  similar  condition  among  the  poor  Jews.  No  case  of  any 
variety,  including  scrofula,  was  seen  at  the  Oasis  by  the  writer,  and 
none  was  seen  by  the  government  physician  during  his  twelve 
months'  stay  at  the  village  of  Kharga  or  in  other  places  in  the 
Oasis.  The  physician  declared,  however,  that  he  found  tuberculosis 
of  the  lungs  in  several  cases  in  camels. 

Neither  the  doctor  nor  the  civil  authorities  of  the  Kharga  village 
could  recall  a  single  case  of  well  marked  rachitis,  and  no  instance 
of  the  condition  was  encountered. 

There  have  been  no  epidemics  recently  in  the  Oasis,  with  the 
exception  of  measles,  in  1908. 

Children  die  principally  from  gastro-enteritis,  broncho-pneumonia, 
and  of  measles.  The  epidemic  of  the  latter  disease  in  1908  carried 
off  many  infants. 

There  were  seen  no  evidences  of  syphilis  or  gonorrhoea,  but  the 
diseases  are  said  to  exist  as  they  do  in  the  Valley. 

Malaria  is  not  very  frequent,  except  in  the  date  season  (Sep- 
tember-October), when  there  are  also  extraordinary  numbers  of 
flies  and  mosquitoes.  It  is  occasionally  of  a  very  dangerous  form. 
Typhoid  is  rare. 

A  most  prevalent  disorder  is  trachoma.  There  are  great  numbers 
of  blind,1  and  in  many  more  the  eyes  are  more  or  less  affected  by 
various  forms  of  inflammation.  * 

A  frequent  condition,  due  probably  in  most  if  not  all  cases  to 
trachoma  is  trichiasis  (contraction  due  to  inflammatory  changes  of 
the  ventral  surface  of  the  lids,  and  consequent  direction  of  the  eye- 
lashes inward,  so  that  they  irritate  the  cornea).  This  condition  is 
usually  observed  in  the  upper  lid. 

1  According  to  the  returns  of  the  1907  Egyptian  census  there  were  at  the 
Kharga  Oasis  196  blind  in  both  eyes  and  432  blind  in  one  eye,  or  nearly  75 
per  thousand  of  the  total  population  blind  in  one  or  both  eyes.  In  the 
United  States  the  percentage  of  those  partly  and  completely  blind  is  less  than 
one  per  thousand  of  the  population  (in  1900,  U.  S.  Census,  0.85  per  thousand). 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA  15 

Insanity,  the  authorities  of  the  village  declared,  is  very  rare  ;  within 
the  last  decade  they  knew  in  the  village  of  Kharga  of  but  one  case, 
and  that  in  a  negro.1  Imbecility  and  also  epilepsy  of  lower  grades, 
exist,  but  no  definite  data  could  be  obtained  as  to  their  frequency. 
No  one  knew  of  any  instance  of  advanced  idiocy. 

The  presence  of  albinism  is  not  certain.  Two  cases  were  reported 
of  brown  children  with  blue  eyes,  but  they  were  not  seen.  Leuko- 
derma  or  patch-albinism  was  found  in  a  man  of  about  55  with  Semitic 
features.  Very  premature  greyness,  of  probably  different  etiology 
from  the  preceding,  was  seen  in  one  man  about  30  years  of  age; 
it  was  limited  to  the  scalp. 

Leprosy  occurs,  but  the  cases  are  isolated  and  rare.2 

Fractures  of  bones  and  dislocations  are  very  infrequent. 

Scorpion  bites  occur  each  year.  They  are  said  to  be  occasionally 
fatal  in  children  and  sometimes  also  in  adults,  when  the  sting  pene- 
trates a  blood  vessel.  There  are  two  varieties  of  scorpion — a  small 
yellow  one  which  is  found  about  the  houses  and  a  larger  greenish 
one  in  the  desert  and  hills. 

There  are  in  the  Oasis  at  least  two  and  possibly  three  varieties  of 
poisonous  snakes,  including  the  ordinary  sand  viper,  the  horned 
viper,  and  possibly  also  a  cobra.  The  last  named,  if  it  exists  at  all, 
is  very  rare.  Several  viper  bites  happen  every  year.  Within  the 
last  twelve  months  the  physician  in  the  Kharga  village  treated  three 
such,  all  in  adult  men.  One  of  the  bites  was  in  the  hand  and  the 
patient  died  in  three  days ;  the  other  two  men  recovered.  The  treat- 
ment in  the  fatal  case  consisted  of  incision,  injection  of  permanga- 
nate of  potash  and  bandaging.  In  the  other  two  (one  being  in  a 
hand  and  one  in  a  foot)  it  consisted  of  incisions  with  bandages  and 
the  administration  of  antitoxin.  The  fatal  case  showed  great  swell- 
ing of  the  limb  without  any  petechige,  then  failing  vitality  with  weak- 
ening pulse  and  respiration.  The  poison  acted,  apparently,  as  a 
nervous  depressant. 

The  before-mentioned  camel  fly,  which  comes  in  April  and  causes 
the  death  of  camels  unless  these  are  driven  away  into  the  desert, 
will  also  occasionally  bite  man.  The  wound  is  painful,  but  no  further 
consequences  have  been  observed. 

Nothing  definite  was  learned  concerning  parasitism,  particularly 
internal,  nor  about  numerous  other  conditions  which  require  ex- 
tended and  detailed  medical  observation. 


lfrhere  were,  in  1907,  according  to  the  census  returns,  two  insane  in  the  Oasis. 
*  In  1907  four  cases  of  leprosy  were  reported  to  the  census  from  the  whole 
Kharga  Oasis. 


l6  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

5.  VITAL  STATISTICS  OF  THE  KHARGA  OASIS 
POPULATION  IN  1907 

The  following  data  are  based  mainly  on  records  furnished  to  the 
writer  by  the  Kharga  authorities,1  and  on  the  last  two  Egyptian 
censuses. 

In  1897  the  total  population  of  the  Oasis,  according  to  the  Egyptian 
Census  of  that  year,2  was  7,220.  At  the  beginning  of  1907,  it  was 
8,424,  and  at  the  beginning  of  1909,  near  8,495. 3  The  increase  for 
the  decade  to  1907  amounted  to  16.7  per  cent,  but  during  the  last 
four  years  of  the  period  it  was  in  all  probability,  due  to  the  absence 
of  epidemics  and  hence  lesser  mortality,  more  rapid,  being  equal 
to  22  per  cent  per  decade.  This  last  is  a  rate  of  natural  increase 
not  equalled  in  any  of  the  larger  territorial  groups  of  whites ;  but 
even  the  rate  of  16.7  (or  16.1  per  cent),  is  a  very  high  one,  being 
reached  among  the  whites  only  in  some  localized  areas  in  Germany 
and  one  or  two  other  countries.  But  this  rate  is  almost  exactly  like 
that  of  Egypt  as  a  whole,  the  net  increase  of  population  in  that 
country  from  1897  to  1907  being  16  per  cent. 

This  relatively  rapid  augmentation  in  numbers  of  the  Oasis  people 
is  due,  as  will  be  seen  from  later  tables,  on  one  hand  to  a  large 
birth-rate  and  on  the  other  to  an  unexpectedly  moderate  death-rate, 
in  years  free  from  epidemics. 

The  distribution  of  the  population  according  to  the  four  districts 
of  the  Khar.ga  Oasis,  and  the  population  per  dwelling,  was  in  1907 
as  follows : 

POPULATION   OF   THE   KHARGA   OASIS,    AT    THE    BEGINNING 
OF  1907,  ACCORDING  TO  THE  DISTRICTS 

TV      .  Total  number  of  Total  number  of 

houses  inhabitants 

Kharga 1,285  5,322 

Gennah    97  520 

Boulac   195  1,016 

Beris 452  1,566 

Total    2,029  dwellings.  8,424  inhabitants. 

(A  little  over  4.1  to  a  dwelling.) 


xThe  writer  is  especially  indebted  in  this  connection  to  M.  Mohammed 
Cherif,  the  Maowen  of  the  Oasis.  The  data  were  said  to  be  entirely  accurate. 

'Recensement  general  de  1'Egypte,  Vol.  2,  Le  Caire,  1898,  pp.  215,  274,  etc. 
Ball  (1.  c.,  p.  46)  and  after  him  Beadnell  ("An  Egyptian  Oasis,"  etc.,  p.  61), 
give  7,856.  The  difference  between  the  number  given  by  the  census  and  that 
of  Ball  is  not  explainable,  but  the  census  number,  judging  by  the  increase  of 
the  population  from  1904  to  1908,  is  the  more  correct. 

'The  1907  census  of  Egypt  (4°,  Cairo,  1909),  gives  41  less  or  8,383,  which 
would  correspond  to  an  increase  for  the  decade  of  16.1  per  cent.  As  the 
figure  given  to  the  writer  is  substantiated  by  the  detailed  data  on  births  and 
deaths,  it  will  be  used  in  preference.  The  difference,  after  all,  is  small. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


The  above  shows  principally  that  overcrowding  of  dwellings  is 
not,  in  general,  prevalent  at  the  Oasis. 

As  to  the  proportion  of  sexes  in  the  Kharga  population,  the  actual 
conditions  could  not  be  determined.  The  Egyptian  census  of  1897, 
however,  gave  3,671  males  and  3,549  females,  or  967  of  the  latter  to 
each  1,000  of  the  former,  and  exactly  the  same  proportion  was  found 
at  that  date  in  the  whole  of  Egypt.  The  1907  Egyptian  census  un- 
fortunately seems  to  be  less  accurate.  It  gives  for  the  Kharga  Oasis 
4,356  male  and  only  4,027  female  individuals,  which  yields  the  ratio 
of  but  925  females  to  1,000  males,  while  for  whole  Egypt  the  same 
ratio  was  at  the  same  date  992  to  1,000.  The  figures  applying  to  the 
Oasis  are  evidently  erroneous.  They  would  indicate  the  existence 
of  108.2  males  to  each  100  females,  which  great  disproportion  is  in 
no  way  sustained.  It  disagrees  greatly  with  the  data  of  the  previous 
census.  It  is  unequalled  in  Egypt  or  elsewhere,  except  in  regions 
that  have  received  immigrations  of  males,  or  at  least  an  excess  of 
males,  which  has  not  occurred  in  the  Oasis.  And  it  is  opposed  by 
the  detailed  birth  and  death  records  given  in  the  following  pages. 
It  has  been  already  shown  that  the  1907  census  figures  as  a  whole 
differ  from  those  furnished  by  the  Oasis  authorities,  and  they  are 
evidently  also  unreliable  in  regard  to  the  numbers  of  males  and 
females  in  the  population. 

BIRTHS  AND  DEATHS 

The  details  concerning  the  vital  statistics  of  the  Kharga  Oasis, 
received  from  the  local  authorities,  are  not  very  extensive,  nor  equally 
complete  for  all  the  districts,  nevertheless  they  show  several  interest- 
ing conditions. 

VITAL  STATISTICS  OF  THE  KHARGA  VILLAGE  FOR  FIVE  YEARS 


Population 
at  the  be- 

B 

orn 

Per  1,000 

r 

lied 

Per  i  .000 

Year 

ginning  of 
the  year 

Males 

Females 

lation 

Males 

Females 

lation 

1904 
1905 
1906 

IOOQ 

4,978 
5,094 
5,209 

5,322 

5,471 
S-j-jfi 

121 
I29 
135 
103 

113 
119 

147 
114 

254 
234 
248 
282 
217 

51.0 
45.9 
47.6 
53.0 
39.7 

.'62 

73 
61 
192 

"J& 

72 

160 

138 
119 
i35 
133 
352 

27.7 
23.4 
25.9 
25.5 
64.  3  1 

Total. 



488  2 

493  2 

1235  3 

3 

388  2 

35i  2 

877  3 



Avg.. 

(5,215) 
1004—7: 

CT  CT 

122 

123 

247 

47.4 

97 

88 

i75  3 
131 

33.7s 
25.4 

o1;)1 

1  Epidemic  of  measles. 


2  For  4  years. 


8  For  5  years. 


i8 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


VITAL   STATISTICS   OF  THE  GENNAH  VILLAGE  FOR  FIVE  YEARS 


Year 

Population 
at  the  be- 
ginning of 
the  year 

Born 

Total 

Per  1,000 
of  popu- 
lation 

Died 

Total 

Per  i.ooo 
of  popu- 
lation 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

1904 

498 

22 

44.2 

8 

16.1 

1905 

512 

9 

12 

21 

41.0 

7 

9 

16 

31.2 

IQ06 

517 

4 

8 

12 

23.2 

5 

10 

15 

29.0 

1907 

520 

5 

12 

17 

32.7 

7 

4 

n 

21.2 

I9O8 

526 

12 

10 

22 

41.8 

3 

5 

8 

15.2 

1909 

540 

•• 

•• 

•• 



•  • 

•  • 

•  • 



Total. 

... 

30  l 

42  l 

942 



22  l 

28  » 

58* 



Avg.. 

5i5a 

7-5 

10.5 

19 

36.9 

5-5 

7 

n.6 

22.5 

1  For  4  years. 


2  For  5  years. 


VITAL  STATISTICS  OF  THE  VILLAGES  BOULAC  AND  BERIS 
FOR  ONE  YEAR,  APRIL  1,   1907,  TO  APRIL  1,  1908 


Joint  population  at  the  beginning  of  1907.  ..  .2,582 
Joint  population  at  the  beginning  of  1908.  ..  .2,638 
Born : 

Males   44 

Females 45 

Total    89 

Rate,  per  1000  of  population,  near 34.5 

Died: 

Males   17 

Females   22 

Total    39 

Rate,  per  1000  of  population,  near 15.1 


For  18  months, 
to  October  i,  1908 l 


73 
66 
i39 

35-5 


63 
114 

29-5 


The  birth-rate  at  the  Kharga  Oasis,  it  is  seen,  is  very  high.  It  is 
higher  than  anywhere  in  Europe,  except  in  some  parts  of  Russia 
and  in  the  Hungary  group  of  nationalities.2  It  harmonizes,  however, 
with  that  of  Egypt  in  general,  where  it  averaged,  among  the  native 


1With  an  epidemic  of  measles  in  May  at  Beris. 

2  In  Europe  the  birth-rate  ranges,  according  to  the  most  recent  statistics, 
from  approximately  22  per  looo  in  France  to  a  little  over  40  in  some  of 
the  groups  of  peoples  under  Hungary  and  to  well  over  40  in  many  parts 
of  Russia.  The  death-rate  ranges  from  a  little  less  than  17  in  Sweden 
to  29.9  per  thousand  (reports  of  1904)  in  Russia,  and  the  natural  yearly  in- 
crease per  1000  population  from  0.7  in  France  to  14.0  in  Germany.  In  the 
United  States  the  birth-rate,  while  not  exactly  known,  is  probably  less  than 
30  per  1000 ;  the  death-rate  (in  the  registration  area)  approximately  18;  and 
the  yearly  increment  a  little  over  12  per  1000. 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA  IQ 

Egyptians  of  the  principal  towns  and  for  the  seven  years  from  1901 
to  1907,  43.4  per  looo  population.1 

The  large  birth-rate  at  the  Oasis  indicates,  outside  of  its  significant 
relation  to  that  of  the  Valley,  two  interesting  conditions.  It  shows 
that  the  people  are  very  prolific,  notwithstanding  the  seemingly  un- 
favorable factors  of  poor  nourishment,  the  Oasis  climate,  the  pre- 
valent seclusion  of  the  women,  the  very  early  marriages,  with  con- 
siderable intermarriage.  It  also  shows  that  the  people  are  well 
acclimatized  to  the  locality,  and  suggests  that  the  latter  is  probably 
not  as  unhealthful  as  unattractive. 

The  death-rate  of  the  Oasis  is  also  high  when  compared  with  that 
of  the  more  civilized  countries  of  white  man.  But  it  is  not  much 
higher  than  in  those  regions  of  Europe  where  the  birth-rate  is  equally 
or  nearly  as  high  as  it  is  at  the  Oasis,  and  is  almost  identical  with 
that  of  Egypt  as  a  whole. 

The  similarity  of  birth-rate  and  death-rate,  and  hence  of  natural 
increase  in  population,  between  the  Oasis  people  and  the  rest  of  the 
Egyptians,  is  a  fact  of  considerable  importance.  It  indicates 
strongly  a  fundamental  similarity  of  environmental  and  social  con- 
ditions, and  also  a  probable  close  similarity,  at  the  present  time  at 
least,  of  the  ethnic  elements  in  the  two  regions. 

The  birth  and  death  statistics  afford  also  a  closer  insight  into  the 
proportion  of  sexes  at  the  Oasis.  During  the  1905-08  period,  cov- 
ered by  the  detailed  data,  the  proportion  of  males  to  females  at  birth 
and  death  has  been  as  follows : 

SEX  RATE  AT  THE  KHARGA  OASIS 

Sex  rate  at  birth          Sex  rate  at  death 
Year  Villages  (Females  =  100)  (Females  =  100) 

1905  Kharga  and  German  districts...  104  104.5 

1906  Kharga  and  Gennah  districts...  104.7  I09-9 

1907  All  districts,  near 98  101.8 

1908  All  districts,  near 98  101.8 

Evidently  the  relation  of  males  to  females,  both  born  and  died, 
differs  to  quite  an  extent  from  year  to  year,  and  also  the  same  year 


i                                 Birth-rate  pei  1,000  in  the      Death-rate  per  100  in  the  Natural  Increase  per 

Year                  principal  towns  of  Egypt       principal  towns  of  Egypt  1,000  population 

1901    42.3                                  33-3  9-0 

1902     42.7                                              36.7  °-° 

1903     42.5                                              32.0  10.5 

1904   44-1                                  38.2  5-9 

1905   43-8                                  34-2  9.6 

1906   447                                   33-9  IO-° 

1907    437  36.7 

Average   43-4                                 35-O  8-4 

"Births  and  Deaths  in  the  Principal  Towns  of  Egypt  During  the  Years 
1901-1906  (and  1907),"  Fol.  Cairo,  i9O7-'o8. 


20  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

in  the  different  villages — as  it  does  occasionally  among  smaller 
groups  of  other  peoples.  But  the  whole  of  the  data  shows  conditions 
in  favor  of  the  relative  numbers  of  the  females,  which  must  be 
regarded,  from  what  is  known  on  the  subject,  as  a  favorable  breeding 
condition.  The  average  proportion  of  males  to  females  at  birth 
among  the  whites  ranges  between  105  and  106  to  loo,1  or,  in  round 
numbers,  there  are  94  to  95  females  to  each  100  males.  In  the 
American  negro,  however,  the  proportion  rises  to  99.1  females  to 
every  100  males,  which  is  the  highest  proportion  thus  far  recorded 
for  any  people.2  In  the  principal  towns  of  Egypt,  in  1909,  the  pro- 
portion of  sexes  at  birth  among  the  native  population  was  103.3 
males  to  each  100  females,  or  96.8  females  to  each  100  males,  which 
is  probably  very  near  to  the  average  condition  for  the  last  decade 
at  Kharga. 

The  next  tables  give  the  movement  in  population  in  the  Kharga 
village  month  by  month,  and  that  in  Kharga  and  Gennah  by  the 
quarter  of  the  year.  It  will  be  observed  that  births  predominate 
somewhat  in  April- June,  corresponding  to  conception  in  August- 
October,  which  latter  is  a  season  of  the  date  harvest  and  relative 
plenty  at  the  Oasis,  and  that  the  least  proportion  occurs  in  the 
January-March  quarter ;  yet  the  differences  are  not  great,  especially 
if  the  probable  errors  of  the  data  be  discounted. 

More  definite  seasonal  differences,  however,  are  observed  in  the 
mortality,  which  is  greatest  in  the  last  and  then  in  the  first  quarters 
of  the  year,  and  least  from  July  to  September.  The  sudden  rise 
from  the  late  summer  and  early  fall  minimum  to  the  subsequent 
winter  maximum  was  not  known  of  during  the  writer's  stay  at  the 
Oasis  and  hence  the  causes  of  the  fact  were  not  inquired  into;  but 
they  are  doubtless  in  the  main  of  environmental  origin. 

VITAL   STATISTICS   OF   THE   KHARGA   AND    GENNAH   VILLAGES 
FROM   1905    TO    1908,   INCLUSIVE,    BY    QUARTERS 

Births  Deaths 

Average  per  month     Average  per  month 

January-March   19.9  n.i 

April-June 8 23.8  10.4 

July-September   21.1  9.9 

October-December  22.8  14.0 


1  Nichols,  J.  B. :  The  Numerical  Proportion  of  the  Sexes  at  Birth.  Mem. 
Anthrop.  Assoc.  Vol.  I,  part  4,  Lancaster,  Pa.,  1907,  pp.  249-300. 

1  It  would  be  interesting  to  ascertain  whether  or  not  this  is  a  racial  trait, 
or  one  applicable  also  to  the  Soudanese  and  Nubians,  in  which  case  the  ad- 
mixture of  the  latter  into  the  Egyptian  and  the  Kharga  Oasis  people  might 
possibly  account  for  the  relatively  high  female  birth-rate  among  these. 

3  The  three  months  epidemic  of  1908  at  Kharga,  which  will  be  noticed  in  the 
next  table,  excluded. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA   OASIS — HRDLICKA 


21 


BIRTHS  AND  DEATHS  AT  THE  KHARGA  VILLAGE  FOR  FOUR 
YEARS   BY   MONTHS 

BIRTHS 


1905 

1906 

1907 

1908 

Month 

J 

v  ' 

73 

V 

r; 

"rt 

1 

2 

-^ 

j 

J 

j 

j 

2 

1 

i 

H 

S 

£ 

H 

" 

h 

H 

" 

fa 

H 

January 

1  1 

20 

14 

T  C 

13 

75 

Q 

12 

27 

February 

24 

g 

X 

16 

14 

22 

6 

70 

March 

c 

18 

8 

1  1 

19 

8 

72 

5 

77 

April  . 

8 

2J 

8 

12 

20 

H 

17 

24 

8 

II 

79 

May 

12 

12 

24 

T-J 

12 

25 

IO 

H 

30 

16 

June  ...             ... 

II 

14 

25 

13 

6 

79 

14 

10 

12 

22 

July.. 

7 

6 

7J 

10 

18 

14 

14 

28 

6 

27 

August                .... 

c 

7 

72 

12 

8 

20 

14 

23 

7 

76 

September        .  . 

14 

7<S 

8 

10 

18 

12 

T8 

10 

8 

77 

October               .... 

II 

2 

17 

16 

16 

32 

10 

18 

28 

g 

75 

November 

12 

10 

22 

14 

12 

26 

14 

14 

28 

g 

10 

7* 

December           .... 

10 

8 

7£ 

12 

21 

8 

7 

15 

7 

Q 

76 

Total  

121 

H3 

2J4 

1  2O 

no 

248 

135 

147 

282 

103 

114 

277 

DEATHS 


i9°s 

1906 

1907 

,908 

Month 

— 

*rt 

— 
U 

I 

"3 

1 

V 

i 

Female 

1 

JJ 

• 
S 

Female 

i 

£ 

rt 

V 

I 

i 

January 

c 

14 

10 

2 

£ 

6 

7 

7? 

3 

2 

5 

February 

o 

4' 

7 

-? 

6 

9 

6 

7 

7? 

6 

77 

March 

•3 

4' 

7 

7 

6 

13 

2 

8 

70 

5 

I 

7 

April    . 

7 

2 

9 

7 

6 

H 

3 

6 

9 

46 

48 

94 

May 

7 

12 

6 

7 

7? 

3 

6 

9 

90 

S6 

146 

T     y  

June 

4" 

I 

10 

4 

7 

3 

2 

? 

i? 

16 

33 

July  .  . 

•j 

6 

9 

^ 

I 

7 

5 

6 

77 

5 

Q 

14 

August 

•3 

•i 

5 

4 

6 

10 

4 

4 

<? 

2 

4 

6 

September 

A 

6 

-Z0 

7 

4 

11 

3 

8 

^ 

5 

10 

October 

9 

Q 

6 

If 

4 

5 

10 

6 

2 

8 

November 

8 

6 

74 

4 

8 

1? 

14 

5 

19 

4 

6 

10 

December  

8 

4 

J2 

7 

6 

13 

8 

10 

18 

3 

5 

8 

Total  

6? 

57 

H9 

73 

62 

7.?5 

61 

72 

133 

IQ2 

160 

352 

RESUME  OF  VITAL  STATISTICS  OF  THE  KHARGA  OASIS 

To  summarize,  the  vital  statistics  data  of  the  Kharga  Oasis  have 
shown:  (i)  A  steady  high  birth-rate;  (2)  barring  years  with  epi- 
demics, a  moderately  high  death-rate;  (3)  a  relatively  rapid  rate  of 
natural  increase  in  population;  (4)  a  slight  seasonal  difference  in 
proportion  of  births,  and  a  more  marked  one  in  proportion  of  deaths ; 
(5)  a  relatively  high  proportion,  both  at  birth  and  in  population,  of 
females ;  and  (6)  a  very  close  similarity  in  all  these  items  to  the 
conditions  in  Egypt  in  general. 


22  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

6.  PHYSIOLOGICAL  OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE 
KHARGA  OASIS  NATIVES 

The  people  of  the  Oasis,  while  ignorant,  and  therefore  apprehen- 
sive and  superstitious,  were  found  on  the  whole  to  be  fairly  intelli- 
gent. They  are  mild,  polite,  not  very  energetic  or  enterprising,  but 
not  idlers.  They  are  in  general  poorly  nourished  and  show  the 
effects  of  that  condition  in  their  lack  of  initiative  and  diminished 
strength  as  well  as  endurance,  which  conditions  are  marked  in  all 
their  activities. 

The  observations  to  be  recorded  were  made  during  the  latter  part 
of  February,  which  is  a  season  quite  free  from  climatic  extremes 
and  a  healthier  one  than  other  parts  of  the  year. 

The  tests  undertaken  were  the  same  as  those  on  Indians,  reported 
by  the  writer  in  icjoS,1  and  were  carried  out  with  the  same  instru- 
ments and  in  like  manner,  so  that  these  two  series  of  data  are  entirely 
comparable.  They  relate  to  the  pulse,  respiration,  temperature,  and 
manual  with  arm  strength  of  the  people,  and  extend  to  150  adult 
males.  The  subjects  were  mainly  from  the  Kharga  village  and  nearby 
settlements.  They  were  all  free,  it  should  be  stated  again,  from  negro 
admixture,  as  far  as  ascertainable,  and  free  from  any  complaints  or 
disease  which  would  incapacitate  them  for  work.  They  were  exam- 
ined as  a  rule  only  after  being  rested  and  in  the  absence  of  exciting 
circumstances.  The  men  took  to  the  examination  kindly ;  if  any  were 
found  in  whom  the  state  of  the  tongue  or  other  organs  indicated  a 
systemic  disarrangement  of  any  consequence,  they  were  excluded ; 
and  with  the  other  precautions  taken,  it  seems  safe  to  say  that  the 
results  which  will  be  given  in  the  following  pages,  represent  fairly 
the  normal  or  average  conditions  at  the  Oasis,  at  that  period.  The 
examination  of  the  women  and  children  would  have  added  materially 
to  the  interest  and  value  of  these  tests,  but  for  reasons  already  stated 
was  impossible. 

PULSE  * 

The  results  on  94  healthy  male  individuals,  of  all  ages,  as  shown 
in  the  accompanying  table,  give  an  average  which  is  by  4  or  5  beats 


1  Hrdlicka,  A. :  Physiological  and  Medical  Observations  Among  the  Indians 
of  Southwestern  United  States  and  Northern  Mexico.  Bull.  34,  Bureau  Amer. 
Ethnology,  8°,  Washington,  1908,  pp.  1-460. 

•  Compare  data  in  writer's  "  Physiological  and  Medical  Observations,  etc., 
pp.  138  et  seq. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


•per  minute  higher  than  the  general  average  in  male  whites,  and  from 
9  to  19  beats  per  minute  higher  than  shown  by  various  tribes  of  the 
American  native.  The  most  common  pulse-rates  at  Kharga  are 
those  between  71  and  80.  • 

KHAEGA  OASIS,  MEN:     PULSE   (PER  MINUTE)  1 

Number  of  observations :  94. 
Average:  76.    (ist  series  of  46:  77.5;  2d  series  of  48:  74.5.) 

Median  :  75.     Mode  :  72, 

Minimum  :  54.    Maximum  :  705. 

Table  of  frequencies : 


J 

$ 

^ 

$ 

5 

R 

£ 

f 

5 

I 

4 

5 

vS 

£ 

R 

8 

& 

10 

00 

a 

g 

5 

~ 

Number  of  cases..  .. 

i 

8 

8 

29 

21 

14 

2 

8 

I 

I 

I 

Per  cent           .  .    .  . 

1  i 

8  5 

8  5 

30  8 

22  3 

14  9 

<?.J 

8.5 

7        7 

1.1 

1.1 

1  In  sitting  position. 

The  causes  of  the  frequency  of  a  relatively  rapid  pulse  and  hence 
heart-beat  at  the  Oasis  are  not  easy  to  determine.  The  phenomenon 
is  not  due  to  rarefied  air,  for  the  Oasis  lies,  on  the  average,  less  than 
100  meters  above  the  sea-level.  It  is  in  no  case  connected  with 
alcoholism,  for  that  vice  is  practically  absent,1  nor  with  any  abuse  or 
even  the  use  of  coffee,  tea  or  tobacco,  which  articles  are  still  to  a 
large  extent  luxuries  in  the  Oasis.  There  are  also  no  drug  habits. 
The  general  environmental  conditions,  finally,  are  much  like  those  in 
the  American  deserts,  and  in  the  latter  no  accelerating  influence  has 
been  manifested  thus  far  on  the  slow  pulse  of  the  Indian.  It  therefore 
seems  that  the  relatively  high  pulse  rate  at  the  Oasis  is  in  the  main  a 
long  established,  hereditary  condition. 

Further  inquiries,  however,  were  made  into  the  subject,  to  show 
what,  if  any,  relation  the  phenomenon  had  to  the  most  important 
conditions  of  the  body. 


1The  natives  make  a  sort  of  beer  from  the  sap  of  the  date-palm  and  a 
stronger  liquor  from  the  dates,  but  the  quantity  made  is  not  large  and  is 
limited,  particularly  in  the  latter  case,  in  season.  According  to  Beadnell  (An 
Egyptian  Oasis,  p.  218),  the  weaker  liquor  is  called  "  lagmi."  It  "has  a  pe- 
culiar insipid  taste.  It  is  obtained  by  making  a  deep  incision  in  the  top  of  the 
date-palm,  the  liquid  oozing  out  and  being  collected  in  a  vessel,  generally 
made  of  the  rind  of  a  gourd.  As  much  as  10  quarts  can  be  obtained  in  a  day, 
and  the  tree  may  be  bled  once  or  twice  a  month  without  sustaining  any  harm ; 
the  operation  may,  in  fact,  prove  of  considerable  benefit  to  a  sickly  palm." 


24  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

A  reference  to  the  table  on  page  27  will  show  that,  so  far  as  these 
data  reach,  no  clear  difference  is  appreciable  between  the  pulse-rate 
of  the  youngest  and  oldest  adults  examined.  The  series,  however, 
does  not  comprise  many  individuals  above  55  years  of  age  (esti- 
mated), and  is  in  general  too  limited  for  definite  conclusions.  One 
point  is  evident,  and  that  is  the  fact  that  age  effects  on  the  pulse- 
rate  up  to  the  fifty-fifth  year,  if  they  exist,  are  irregular  at  the 
Oasis. 

A  more  marked  relation  was  detected  between  the  pulse-rate  and 
the  stature.  Taking  the  healthy  adults  up  to  50  years  of  age,  the 
15  men  of  the  highest  stature  give  an  average  pulse-rate  2.9  beats 
higher  than  the  20  of  the  lowest  stature.  The  details  given  on  the 
table  on  page  28  show  especially  the  frequent  occurrence  of  sub- 
average  pulse-rate  in  those  of  short  height.  The  association  of  a 
higher  average  pulse-rate  with  tall  statures  has  been  observed  in 
whites  x  and  also  in  Indians,2  so  that  it  is  probably  a  more  or  less 
irregular  but  prevalent  physiological  condition.  What  is  the  real 
direct  cause  of  the  pulse  acceleration  in  those  of  tall  stature,  is  as 
yet  somewhat  problematical. 

Still  another  condition  inquired  into  was  the  relation  of  the  pulse- 
rate  to  vigor,  as  indicated  by  the  tests  of  strength.  The  18  weakest 
but  healthy  men  gave  the  average  pulse-rate  of  74.5,  the  16  strongest 
75.4.  Both  of  these  figures  are  curiously  below  the  general  average 
(=76).  The  difference  between  the  two  series  is  small,  but  there 
are  indications  that  it  is  not  accidental  (see  table  on  page  28).  The 
matter  is,  however,  complicated  by  the  fact  that  in  many  instances 
greater  muscular  strength  corresponds  with  taller  stature.  Some 
further  light  will  be  thrown  on  these  points  by  the  results  of  tests 
of  other  functions. 

The  relation  of  pulse  to  respiration  and  body  temperature  will  be 
referred  to  under  these  headings. 

RESPIRATION 

The  respiration-rate  averages  in  the  healthy  Kharga  men,  as  seen 
from  the  figures  below,  18.4  per  minute,  which  is  slightly  above  the 
general  averages  in  both  the  whites  and  the  Indian.3  The  difference, 


lVolkmann,  A.  W. :  Die  Haemodynamik  nach  Versuchen,  8°,  1850,  p.  429 
et  seq. 

2  Hrdlicka,  A. :  Physiological  and  Medical  Observations,  etc.,  p.  141  et  seq. 

8  Compare  data  in  Vierordt,  H.,  Anatomische,  Physiologische  und  Physi- 
kalische  Daten  und  Tabellen,  8.  Jena.  1893,  p.  166.  Also  Smith,  E. :  Trans. 
Roy.  Med.  &  Chir.  Society,  London,  Vol.  39,  1856. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS — HRDLICKA 


amounting  to  about  one  respiration  more  every  two  minutes,  is  so 
small  that,  were  it  not  for  the  simultaneous  and  better  defined  excess 
in  pulse-rate,  it  could  be  disregarded.  As  it  is,  it  is  probably  an 
expression  of  correlated  action  of  the  lungs  and  the  heart. 

KHARGA  OASIS,   MEN:     RESPIRATION   (PER  MINUTE) * 

Number  of  observations :  94. 
Average:  18.4.     (ist  series  of  46:  18.6;  2d  series  of  48:  18.3.) 

Median  :  18.     Mode :  18. 

Minimum:  14.     Maximum:  24. 

Table  of  frequencies : 


to 

T 

Tt 

t>* 
1 

o\ 

M 
00 

I 

I 

$ 

Number  of  cases  

12 

18 

-I  -I 

18 

A 

Per  cent  

12  8 

19  2 

35  1 

19  2 

9  6 

43 

1  Sitting,  at  rest. 

The  numerical  relation  of  the  pulse-beats  to  respiration  averages 
4.13,  which  is  practically  the  same  as  in  whites. 

In  regard  to  age,  the  youngest  adults  of  the  series  examined  show 
(see  table  on  page  27)  a  slightly  greater  average  (+  0.4  per  minute) 
than  the  oldest  ones.  A  similar  condition  was  observed  by  the 
writer  in  the  Indians  and  it  also  exists  in  the  whites.  As  a  result 
of  this  and  of  the  frequently  observed  more  rapid  pulse  in  old  age, 
the  pulse-beat:  respiration  ratio  is  slightly  higher  in  senility  than 
earlier  in  adult  life. 

As  to  stature,  the  shortest  healthy  men  up  to  50  years  of  age  gave 
a  lower  average  by  nearly  one  breath  a  minute  than  the  taller  ones 
(for  details  see  table  on  page  28).  This  stands  again  in  correlation 
with  the  lower  average  pulse  in  those  of  short  stature,  but  it  is  not 
possible  to  say  whether  the  condition  is  characteristic  of  the  people 
of  the  Oasis,  or  is  merely  an  accidental  feature  of  this  group.  How 
far  it  may  be  true  of  other  ethnic  groups  is  as  yet  uncertain. 

The  pulse-respiration  ratio  in  the  two  groups  remains  almost  iden- 
tical (4.18  for  the  short,  4.16  for  the  tall),  showing  that  there  has 
been  a  harmonious  response  in  this  line  of  the  two  functions. 

A  similar  condition  to  that  in  the  shortest  adult  prevails  also  in 
those  who  are  weakest  muscularly — the  series  give  a  perceptibly 
lower  average  rate  of  respiration  (as  they  did  of  pulse-rate)  than 
that  of  the  strongest  individuals  (see  details  in  table  on  page  28). 
The  difference  of  the  averages  amounts  to  0.7  of  a  respiration  per 
minute  in  favor  of  the  strongest.  The  rate  in  the  latter  is  also 


26 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


higher  than  the  general  average.  The  pulse-respiration  ratio,  how- 
ever, is  relatively  small  in  the  "  strongest,"  amounting  to  only  3.97 
(in  the  weakest  =  4.07).  This  condition  of  subaverage  pulse-rate 
with  above-average  respiration-rate  in  the  Kharga  "  strongest " 
group  is  not  understood.  As  a  great  many  individual  elements  enter 
into  every  expression  of  these  series  and  as  the  latter  are  not  large 
enough  to  submerge  the  effects  of  all  such  conditions,  the  discrep- 
ancy may  be  accidental.  It  is  regrettable  that  no  detailed  extensive 
data  of  similar  nature  exist  as  yet  on  the  whites,  the  subject  being 
far  from  exhausted  in  that  race  alone. 

TEMPERATURE 

The  temperature  of  the  body  was  taken  in  every  case  with  verified 
thermometers,  under  the  tongue,  with  the  subject  sitting,  and  with 
the  instrument  in  place  for  at  least  five  minutes.  All  the  tests  were 
made  between  9  A.  M.  and  5  P.  M.  and  were  about  equally  dis- 
tributed over  the  intervening  hours.  The  results  are  as  follows : 

XHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:     TEMPERATURE 

Number  of  observations :  95. 

Average:  98.6°  F.     (ist  series  of  47:  98.7°;  2d  series  of  48:  98.5°.) 

Median:  98.7°.  Mode:  2  groups,  98.5°,  98.9°. 

Minimum:  96.2°.     Maximum:  99.9°. 

Table  of  frequencies : 


0 

0 

o 

ON 

o 

Os 

0 

q\ 

0 

q\ 

ON 

tx 

ON 

od 

Ov 

ON 

ON 

o 

Q 

0 

ON 

0 

ON 

0 

01 

IT) 

Q< 

to 

0' 

o 

to 

4 

4 

0^ 

t>x 

ON 

*& 

% 

g    ' 

£ 

Number  of  cases  

•    i 

2 

4 

12 

14 

29 

25 

8 

Per    cent    

2  1 

2   1 

4  2 

J2  <5 

14  7 

30.5 

26.3 

<J.^ 

The  average  temperature  in  the  European  amounts  to  about  98.9° 
F.  (37.2°  C.)  ;  the  male  Indians  have  given  the  writer  averages, 
according  to  tribes,  varying  from  98.1  to  98.8;  the  Kharga  males 
show  98.6°. 

In  the  whites  each  10°  F.  temperature  correspond,  on  the  average, 
to  7.28  pulse-beats  and  1.82  respirations;  in  the  Indians,  to  6.40 
pulse-beats  and  1.78  respirations;  and  in  the  Kharga  natives  to  7.71 
pulse-beats  and  1.87  respirations.  These  are  differences  well  beyond 
the  limits  of  the  probable  error,  and  hence  are  of  significance,  though 
their  exact  explanation  can  hardly  as  yet  be  attempted.  The  tempera- 
ture of  the  Oasis  men  is,  plainly,  low  in  relation  to  both  pulse  and 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


respiration  as  compared  with  the  whites,  and  especially  with  the 
Indians.  It  is  also  absolutely  somewhat  lower  than  in  the  whites. 
This  condition  means  probably,  in  the  main,  a  somewhat  lower 
intensity  in  the  Kharga  natives  of  general  metabolism,  which  agrees 
well  with  the  poorer  nutrition  of  a  large  proportion  of  the  Oasis 
population ;  but  it  is  doubtless  also  influenced  by  a  greater  heat 
radiation  from  the  skin,  due  to  the  subtropical  climate  of  the  Oasis. 
As  to  age,  the  oldest  Kharga  adults  show,  as  seen  in  the  next  table, 
a  slightly  lower  average  temperature  than  the  youngest  ones.  The 
difference  would  be  quite  insignificant,  however,  except  for  the  fact 
that  it  agrees  with  what  is  known  in  this  respect  of  whites  and  what 


KHARGA  OASIS:      PULSE,   RESPIRATION,  AND   TEMPERATURE   IN 
RELATION   TO  AGE 


Fifteen  youngest  men:  21-26  years 

Fourteen  oldest  men:  55-65  years 

Age 

Pulse  (sit- 
ting) per 
minute 

Respiration 
(sitting) 
per  minute 

Tempera- 
ture (sub- 
lingua), 
grades 

Age 

Pulse  (sit- 
ting) per 
minute 

Respiration 
(sitting) 
per  minute 

Tempera- 
ture (sub- 
lingua), 
grades 

Years 

°F 

Years 

°F 

21 

72 

18 

98.0 

55l 

(100) 

(17) 

(98.8) 

22 

81 

20 

98.7 

55 

92 

16 

98.6 

23 

72 

20 

97-4 

55  2 

62 

20 

97.9 

24  l 

75 

15 

99.1 

55  3 

78 

19 

98.3 

24* 

(72) 

(16) 

(96.2) 

55 

72 

17 

98.2 

24  3 

(84) 

d9) 

(99-2) 

55* 

90 

22 

99.2 

24 

78 

20 

99.4 

55 

69 

16 

97.6 

24  4 

96 

19 

99-3 

55 

60 

15 

97-7 

25  5 

81 

22 

97.7 

55  5 

84 

JQ 

99.3 

25 

74 

18 

98.4 

58  • 

72 

lo 

98.4 

78 

19 

99.1 

60 

72 

20 

98.7 

26 

21 

99-2 

60  7 

(72) 

(22)               (99-6) 

26  6 

66 

18 

98.5 

60  8 

72 

14 

98.6 

26 

84 

18 

98.9 

65  9 

90 

20 

99-4 

26 

72 

18 

98.8 

Averages  (exclusive  of  the  cases  in  parentheses): 


24.3 

75.5 

18.9 

98.7 

57 

76.1 

18.5 

98.5 

X3  P.  M. ;  tongue  slightly  whitish. 
*  10  A.   M. ;   low  temperature  pos- 
sibly due  to  hunger. 
3  Sore  throat. 

A.    M. ;    tongue    somewhat 


4 11-55 
coated. 

5 10.40 
coated. 

6 12.50 
coated. 


A.     M. ;     tongue     slightly 
P.     M. ;     tongue     slightly 


throat. 

2  2.15  P.  M. ;  tongue  slightly  coated. 

3  9.40  A.  M. ;  tongue  yellowish. 

4  4.10     P.     M. ;     tongue     yellowish 
coated. 

5 1.50  P.  M. ;  tongue  slightly  coated. 

8 1 1. 50  A.  M. ;  tongue  slightly 
coated. 

7 10.25  A.  M. ;  tongue  all  coated. 

8 12.30  P.  M. ;  cause  of  slow  respir- 
ation ? 

"3.15  P.  M. ;  tongue  yellow-coated. 


28 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


has  been  observed  in  the  Indians.  The  smallness  of  the  difference  is 
due  principally  to  the  fact  that  no  really  senile  or  very  old  individuals 
are  included  in  the  Kharga  series. 

KHARGA  OASIS:      PULSE,  RESPIRATION,  AND  TEMPERATURE  IN 
RELATION  TO  EXTREMES  OF   STATURE  * 


20  shortest  men,  152.3-159.8  cm. 

15  tallest  men,  167.1-173.8  cm. 

(average  age  33.9  years) 

(average  age  39.7  years) 

Stature 

Pulse 
(sitting) 

Respiration 
(sitting) 

Temper- 
ature 
(sub-lingua) 

Stature 

Pulse 
(sitting) 

Respiration 
(sitting) 

Temper- 
ature 
(sub-lingua) 

per  minute 

per  minute 

5  minutes 

per  minute    per  minute 

5  minutes 

exposure 

1 

exposure 

cm. 

°F. 

cm. 

°F. 

152.3 

78 

18 

97-9 

167.1 

78 

18 

98.3 

153-6 

78 

16 

99.2 

167.3 

78 

22 

98.5 

155-7 

65 

14 

98.3 

168.2 

78 

22 

98.3 

155-9 
156.0 

157.5 

72 

77 
81 

20 

17 
22 

98.9 
97-9 
97-7 

168.3 
168.8 
168.9 

72 

g 

17 
21 

17 

98.1 
98.9 

157.8 
158.3 

72 
92 

20 
22 

97-4 
99-5 

169.4 
169.4 

68 
84 

18 
19 

98*9 

158.4 

70 

16 

97.8 

170.5 

82 

18 

98.8 

158.5 

74 

20 

99-2 

171.3 

76 

18 

158.5 

70 

18 

172.2 

92 

16 

98.6 

158.7 

72 

21 

98  9 

172.4 

7i 

18 

99.  i 

158.7 

76 

16 

98.5 

172.5 

18 

98  i 

158.8 

18 

98.0 

172.7 

82 

21 

98.2 

159-3 

80 

15 

99-3 

173.8 

78 

18 

99-6 

159-4 

78 

15 

98.9 

159.5 

69 

18 

98.7 

159.6 

72 

16 

97-5 

159-7 

78 

20 

99.4 

159-8 

72 

16 

96.2 

Averages : 


157.8 

74.9 

17.9 

98.4 

170.2 

77.8 

18.7 

98.7 

1  In  adult  healthy  men  of  not  more  than  50  years  of  age. 

KHARGA  OASIS:      PULSE,  RESPIRATION,  AND  TEMPERATURE  IN 
RELATION  TO  VIGOR 


18  weakest  healthy  men  (up  to  50  years  of  age) 


1 6  strongest  healthy  men  (up  to  50  years  of  age) 


Average 
pressure 
force  in 
right  hand 

Average 
pulse  (sit- 
ting) 

Average 
respiration 
(sitting) 

Average 
temperature 
(sub-lingua) 

Average 
pressure 
force  in 
right  hand 

Average 
pulse  (sit- 
ting) 

Average 
respiration 
(sitting) 

Average 
temperature 
(sub-lingua) 

*&' 

28 

Permin. 

74.5 

Permin. 
18.3 

0  F. 
08.3 

Kg. 
4i 

Per  min  . 
75-4 

Per  min  . 
19.0 

0  F. 

98.6 

NO.    I  NATIVES   OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA  29 

In  relation  to  stature,  the  temperature  is  on  the  average  higher 
in  the  "  tallest "  than  it  is  in  the  "  shortest "  Kharga  natives.  And 
the  temperature  goes  hand  in  hand  in  these  groups  with  both  pulse 
and  respiration.  The  "  shortest "  males  at  the  Oasis  show  thus  on 
the  average  a  somewhat  less  active  metabolism,  as  well  as  a  slower 
heart  and  slower  respiration.  They  manifest  lesser  vitality,  which 
suggests  a  causal  relation  between  at  least  some  of  the  low  statures 
at  the  Oasis  and  the  agencies  which  condition  lowered  vitality. 
The  main  of  these  conditions  are  probably  chronic  malnutrition,  and 
protracted  effects  during  the  developmental  stage  of  life  of  malaria 
or  other  systemic  disorders.  The  tallest  Kharga  men  are,  on  the 
average,  of  a  distinctly  superior  vitality. 

Muscular  potency  shows  similar  relation  to  temperature  as  age 
and  stature :  It  is  in  general  perceptibly  below  the  average  in  those 
who  give  low  temperature,  and  both  go  together  with  sub-average 
pulse  rate  as  well  as  respiration-rate.  The  individuals  of  the  best 
muscular  vigor  show  mean  temperature,  with  slightly  sub-average 
pulse,  but  somewhat  above  average  respiration.  A  larger  series  of 
observations  would  in  these  respects  be  very  desirable. 

MUSCULAR  STRENGTH 

The  tests  of  muscular  strength  were  those  of  pressure  in  each  hand 
and  traction.1  They  were  made  by  Mathieu's  dynamometer  and  repre- 
sent the  maximum  exertion  of  the  subjects  determined  in  two  to 
four  consecutive  trials.  The  hands  and  arms  were  in  every  case 
held  free  from  the  body  and  cases  with  crippled  or  sore  fingers, 
hands  or  arms  were  excluded.  There  was  no  unwillingness  or  lack 
of  interest  on  the  part  of  those  examined  in  making  the  tests,  so  that 
the  record  obtained  may  be  regarded  as  fairly  representative  of  the 
true  condition  in  regard  to  muscular  strength  of  the  Kharga  men. 

The  results  are  seen  in  the  following  tables. 


xWith  the  medius  of  each  hand  linked  into  the  arch  of  the  instrument  at 
its  small  end  and  the  arms  held  not  higher  than  the  chin. 


SMITHSONIAN-   MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


KHAEQA  OASIS,  MEN:      PEESSUEE  FOECE  IN  THE  HANDS  1 

Number  of  observations  in  each  hand:  115. 
Average,  right  hand:  33.8;  left  hand:  31.1  kg.     (ist  50:  right  hand  33.4,  left 

hand  30.9;  2d  50:  right  hand  33.4,  left  hand  31.2.) 
Median :   right  hand  33,  left  hand  31.     Modes :  right  hand  28  and  34,  left 

hand  31. 

Minimum  :  right  hand  24,  left  hand  21.    Maximum  :  right  hand  49,  left  hand  45. 
Table  of  frequencies : 


I 

s? 

I 

lO 

1 

*^ 

01 

I 

% 
I 

CO 

I 

1 

Number  of  cases: 
right  hand  

2 

14 

16 

14 

1^ 

left  hand  

2 

2 

I? 

17 

12 

22 

7 

Per  cent  : 
right  hand  

1   7 

12  2 

13  9 

12  2 

11  3 

left  hand  

1   7 

1   7 

11  3 

14  8 

10  4 

19  1 

6  1 

3 

t^ 

8 

M 

m 

iO 

*** 

ON 

V 

CO 

I 

1 

£ 

£ 

Tf 

| 

\ 

i 

Number  of  cases  : 
right  hand  

10 

10 

4 

O 

c 

6 

2 

i 

left  hand  

1C 

ii 

I 

4 

Per  cent  : 
right  hand 

16  5 

8  7 

3  5 

7  8 

4  3 

5  2 

1   7 

0  9 

left  hand 

13  0 

7  8 

9  6 

0  9 

35 

1  Maximum,  in  kilograms. 

KHAEGA  OASIS,   MEN:     TESTS   OF  MUSCULAE  FOECE:     TEACTION 

Number  of  observations:  in. 
Average:  22.3kg.    (ist  50:  21.3;  2d  50:  22.6.) 

Median:  21.  Mode:  25. 

Minimum  :  12.  Maximum :  37. 

Table  of  frequencies : 


CO 

I 

M 

10 

M 
•<t 

M 

t^ 

v| 

O\ 

(£ 

I 

! 

M 

? 

JT 

& 
{ 

% 
1 

i 

| 

CO 

10 
? 

fO 

t^ 

fO 

i 

Number  of  cases. 
Per  cent  

2 
1  8 

10 
9.0 

14 

1?  6 

12 

10  8 

17 
11  ? 

10 

9  0 

16 

14  4 

13 
11   7 

3 

?  7 

7 
rf  ? 

5 
4  5 

I 
0  9 

I 
0  0 

1  In  kilograms. 

The  above  data  show  that  the  Kharga  natives  are  on  the  average 
a  rather  weak  lot.  The  pressure  force,  with  the  same  instrument  and 
method,  averages  in  white  males  in  the  right  hand  about  45  kg.,  in  the 
left  37  kg.,  and  the  traction  27  kg.  Fifteen  healthy  and  as  far  as 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS — HRDLICKA  3! 

could  be  determined  full-blood  American  negro  men  gave  the  writer, 
with  the  same  instrument,  as  the  mean  pressure  in  the  right  hand  41.5, 
in  the  left  hand  38.6  kg.,  and  traction  of  30  kg.  In  the  Indian,1  in 
general,  the  corresponding  figures  are  about  40,  34,  and  25  kg.  At 
Kharga  they  are,  as  seen  above,  34,  31,  and  22  kg. 

The  debility  of  the  Kharga  men  is  in  all  probability  the  effect,  in 
the  main,  of  poor  and  scant  nutrition.  The  Valley  fellaheen  impress 
one  as  somewhat  better  off  in  this  respect,  and  also  as  somewhat 
stronger,  yet  even  they,  so  far  as  observed,  do  not  approach  in 
muscular  strength  the  whites  or  the  negro  of  similar  vocations. 

The  average  difference  between  the  pressure  force  of  the  right  and 
that  of  the  left  hand  is  less  marked  in  the  Kharga  natives  than  that 
in  the  white  and  also  the  Indian,  showing  that  the  right  hand  is  not 
only  absolutely  but  also  relatively  weaker  in  those  of  the  Oasis. 

The  age  differences  in  strength  are  quite  pronounced  and  follow 
what  is  probably  a  general  rule,  showing  a  gradual  decline  after  40 
years  of  age.  The  maximum  mean  of  muscular  power  is  reached 
between  30  and  40,  or  more  properly  between  25  and  35  years, 
which  appears  also  to  be  most  frequently  the  case  in  the  whites  as 
well  as  in  the  American  Indians. 

KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:  RESULTS  OF  TESTS  OF  MUSCULAR  STRENGTH  OF  THE 
HANDS  (PRESSURE)  AND  ARMS  (TRACTION),  ACCORDING  TO  AGE  2 

Age  groups  Maximum  pressure        Maximum  pressure        Maximum  traction, 

2I-3O  years  right  hand  left  hand  horizontal 

Number  of  subjects (42)  (42)  (39) 

Average    33.9  3*>6  22.3 

Minimum    26  21  14 

Maximum    49  45  35 

31-40  years 

Number  of  subjects (20)  (20)  (19) 

Average    3&-5  33-7  24.6 

Minimum    29.5  26  16 

Maximum    46  45  33 

41-50  years    • 

Number  of  subjects (35)  (35)  (35) 

Average    33-2  31-0  21.6 

Minimum    24  21  14 

Maximum    46  44  3O-5 

51-60  years 

Number  of  subj  ects (17) 

Average    3i-6  29.1  21.2 

Minimum    25  24 

Maximum    42  4*  33 


1  Details  in  writer's  "  Physiological  and  Medical  Observations, "  etc.,  p.  143 
et  seq.    The  tests  on  the  Indians  were  equally  made  by  the  same  method  and 
instrument. 

2  All  records  in  kilograms. 


32  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

As  to  the  relation  of  strength  with  stature,  the  15  healthy  tallest 
Kharga  men  gave  the  average  right  hand  pressure  of  36.5  kg.,  the 
20  shortest  ones  33.9  kg.,  a  decided  advantage  for  those  of  higher 
stature.  Everything  indicates  that  those  of  the  lowest  statures  at  the 
Oasis  are  also  those  who  present  a  greater  general  weakness,  as  well 
as  subnormal  metabolism,  while  with  those  of  the  highest  statures 
these  conditions  are  reversed.  From  this  it  seems  safe  to  conclude 
that  short  and  tall  statures,  in  this  locality  at  least,  are  not  pure  racial 
characteristics,  but  that  they  are  largely  due  to  the  state  of  health 
and  nourishment  of  the  individual  during  growth,  and  hence  to  en- 
vironment ;  and  it  can  be  assumed  that  when  the  economic  and  hy- 
gienic conditions  of  the  Oasis  shall  ameliorate,  as  they  are  bound  to 
do  with  the  advance  of  civilization,  the  population  will  respond  to 
an  important  degree  by  better  physical  development. 

RESUME  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  PHYSIOLOGICAL  OBSERVATIONS 

The  Kharga  Oasis  men  show  on  the  average,  in  comparison  with 
the  European  whites,  a  perceptibly  faster  pulse ;  a  slightly  faster 
respiration ;  a  perceptibly  lower  temperature ;  and  decidedly  lower 
muscular  power. 

The  differences  in  these  functions  according  to  age  and  stature 
follow  in  general  the  same  laws  as  among  whites,  American  Indians, 
and  other  races. 

The  principal  defects  observed  in  the  Kharga  natives  in  these 
tests  are  evidently  not  anthropological  characteristics,  but  local  and 
temporary  phenomena,  attributable  in  the  main  to  the  immediate 
environment,  particularly  nutrition,  and  are  in  all  probability  largely 
remediable. 

7.  OBSERVATIONS  ON  THE  BODY 
COLOR 

The  skin  of  the  Kharga  natives,  like  that  of  the  Egyptians  of  the 
Valley,  is  predominantly  more  or  less  brown.  The  color  is,  in  the 
main,  quite  the  same  as  that  of  the  American  Indian  of  the  moderate 
zones.  Individually  it  ranges  from  tawny  and  light  brown  to 
medium  brown ;  darker  shades  in  those  who  show  no  evidence  of 
negro  mixture  are  rare.  The  records  show  that  lighter  shades  of 
yellow-brown  or  brown  existed  in  18  per  cent;  moderate  brown  in 
81  per  cent,  and  dark  brown  in  but  i  per  cent  of  the  men  examined. 
The  secondary  shadings  of  different  parts  of  the  body  are,  so  far  as 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA  33 

observed,  in  no  way  particular,  and  the  exposed  parts,  as  elsewhere, 
are  generally  darker  than  those  habitually  covered.  On  the  head, 
which  is  always  covered,  the  skin  is  occasionally  nearly  as  white  as 
in  brunet  Europeans.  The  color  of  the  eyes  is  generally  medium  to 
dark  brown. 

HAIR 

The  hair  is  as  a  rule  black,  and  in  those  who  are  not  mixed  with 
the  negro  it  is  generally  straight  or  approaching  straight.  It  runs 
thus  in  88  per  cent  of  the  men  examined ;  in  6  per  cent  it  was  black 
and  distinctly  wavy ;  in  5  per  cent  black  with  a  tendency  to  curl ; 
and  in  I  individual  it  was  dark  brown  and  straight.  In  women, 
where  the  hair  is  much  longer  (many  of  the  men  clip  the  hair  short 
or  even  shave  the  head),  it  is,  so  far  as  could  be  observed,  generally 
more  or  less  wavy,  with  occasional  tendency  to  curl ;  in  children  it  is 
straight,  wavy  or  slightly  curly.  The  Coptic  mummies  at  El  Baguat 
showed  in  general  hair  that  was  black  and  straight  to  moderately 
wavy.  A  decidedly  curly  hair  in  Kharga  natives  was  as  a  rule  found 
associated  with  thick  lips  and  other  negro  features.  It  appears,  in 
fact,  as  if  the  tendency  to  curly  hair  was  one  of  the  most  lasting 
effects  in  the  progeny  of  one-time  negro  admixture. 

Grey  hair,  to  any  appreciable  extent,  was  only  seldom  noticed 
before  the  4Oth  year,  and  occasionally  men  of  48-50  years  of  age 
showed  hair  that  was  nearly  all  black.  At  55  and  above  greyness  was 
as  a  rule  advanced. 

As  to  beard,  conditions  were  found  as  follows :  In  94  per  cent  of  the 
men  examined  the  color  of  the  hair  on  the  face  was  black,  while  in 
6  per  cent  it  was  dark  but  not  quite  black;  and  in  a  number  of 
additional  cases  the  moustache  showed  a  trace  lighter  than  the  rest 
of  the  beard  which  was  black.  The  quantity  of  the  moustache  was 
fair  in  8,  moderate  in  49  and  scanty  in  43  per  cent  of  the  individuals ; 
the  chin  beard  was  fair  in  quantity  in  5,  moderate  in  30,  scanty  in 
49  and  absent  (naturally)  or  nearly  so  in  16  per  cent  of  the  cases. 
The  total  absence  of  beard  was  noticed  however,  with  a  very  few 
exceptions,  only  in  those  below  30  years  of  age.  In  form  the  hair  of 
the  face,  when  longer,  shows  generally  more  or  less  tendency  towards 
waviness.  This  is  especially  true  of  the  chin  beard  and  of  the  more 
distal  parts  of  both  beard  and  moustache.  Greyness  of  moustache 
was  found  to  begin  somewhat  later  and  to  be  generally  less  advanced 
than  that  of  the  hair  of  the  scalp ;  that  of  the  chin  beard  was  seen  to 
begin  about  the  same  time  as  that  of  the  head. 


34  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

.  No  instance  was  found  of  a  well  developed  baldness  of  the  top  of 
the  head;  in  26  of  the  men  (17  per  cent)  there  was  more  or  less  of 
a  loss  in  the  front,  so  that  the  original  height  of  the  forehead  could 
not  be  determined.  In  no  case,  however,  did  this  calvitia  reach  near 
to  bregma. 

Abnormal  hairiness  of  the  body  was  not  noticed  in  any  instance. 

FEATURES  OF  THE  HEAD 

The  head  was  observed  to  be  generally  of  moderate  size.  No 
instance  of  either  artificial  or  pathological  deformation  came  to 
notice.  In  shape  it  is  generally  oblong  and  with  either  an  elliptical, 
somewhat  ovoid,  or  pentagonal  outline  of  the  norma  superior.  On 
the  whole  the  head  of  the  average  Kharga  native  is  much  like  that 
of  the  ordinary  non-negroid  Egyptian,  and  lacks  all  distinctive  negro 
features. 

The  forehead  in  86  per  cent  of  the  cases  was  found  comparable 
with  the  average  form  in  the  whites ;  in  5  per  cent  it  was  high 
(naturally),  in  6  low  and  in  2  per  cent  sloping. 

The  supraorbital  ridges  were  large  in  I  case;  they  were  about  as 
developed  as  in  average  white  males  in  .27  per  cent,  of  a  submedium 
to  very  small  development  in  71  per  cent,  and  wholly  absent  in  one  of 
those  examined. 

The  occiput  was  in  no  case  especially  protruding,  the  external 
occipital  protuberance  or  ridges  in  no  case  pronounced. 

The  ears  were  found  to  be  generally  fairly  well  formed,  lying 
normally  near  the  head  or  but  moderately  abstanding,  and  both  in 
size  and  shape  quite  like  those  of  whites,  but  unlike  the  charac- 
teristic ear  of  the  negro,1  which  only  appeared  occasionally  in  the 
mixed-bloods.  The  separation  of  the  lobule  is  occasionally  more  or 
less  deficient. 

FACIAL  FEATURES 

The  outline  of  the  face  is  generally  near  elliptical  or  ovoid,  with 
the  lower  portion  occasionally  angular. 

The  eyes,  or  more  properly  eye-slits,  were  in  97  per  cent  of  the 
examined  horizontal  or  nearly  so,  as  in  Europeans ;  in  I  case  they 
were  perceptibly  oblique  with  the  distal  canthi  higher,  and  in  2  cases 
they  were  oblique  with  the  distal  canthi  lower  than  the  proximal. 

The  nasion  depression  was  but  slight  in  12,  moderate  or  medium 


1  See  Hrdlicka,  A. :  Anthropological  Investigations  on  One  Thousand  White 
and  Colored  Children,  etc.    8°,  New  York,  1899. 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA  35 

(as  compared  with  whites)  in  86,  and  pronounced  in  2  per  cent  of 
the  cases. 

The  nose  is  generally  not  of  great  size  or  prominence.  The  bridge 
was  found  straight  in  42,  slightly  convex  in  41,  convex  in  3,  con- 
cavo-convex in  10  and  slightly  concave  in  4  per  cent.  It  may  be  said 
then  to  be  in  general  straight  or  slightly  convex. 

The  nasal  septum  is  prevalently  horizontal  or  somewhat  inclined 
downward.  It  was  horizontal  in  62  per  cent,  slightly  inclined  down- 
wards (distal  end  lower  than  proximal)  in  18,  very  perceptibly 
inclined  downward  in  9,  and  slightly  inclined  upward  (distal  part 
higher  than  proximal  with  head  in  natural  position)  in  n  per  cent 
of  the  cases. 

The  alse  of  the  nose  are  seldom  broad  and  in  the  unmixed  never 
show  the  characteristics  of  those  in  the  negro. 

The  lips  were  found  to  be  of  about  medium  size,  or  not  exceeding 
the  ordinary  dimensions  of  lips  in  white  males,  in  83  per  cent  of  the 
men,  while  they  were  perceptibly  to  moderately  thicker  in  17  per  cent. 

Prognathism  on  the  whole  is  somewhat  more  marked  than  in  the 
average  Europeans,  but  in  a  pronounced  form  is  rare ;  the  conditions 
in  this  respect  were  about  as  the  mean  in  white  men,  or  but  slightly 
more  marked,  in  78  per  cent,  moderately  more  pronounced  in  19  per 
cent,  and  decidedly  more  pronounced  than  in  average  whites  in  3 
per  cent  of  those  examined. 

The  chin  was  in  85  per  cent  of  the  cases  of  medium  proportions 
and  form,  compared  with  the  whites ;  in  13  per  cent  of  the  individ- 
uals it  was  more  or  less  angular  or  "  square,"  in  I  man  it  was  un- 
usually pointed  and  in  I  unusually  long.  The  angles  of  the  lower 
jaw  showed  in  84  per  cent  of  the  individuals  medium  development, 
in  14  per  cent  they  were  above  average  in  size  or  prominence,  and 
in  2  per  cent  they  were  perceptibly  below  such  average. 

The  malar  regions  showed  about  medium  size  (as  compared  with 
whites)  and  moderate  prominence  in  78  per  cent,  were  sub-medium 
in  both  these  features  in  4  per  cent  and  above  medium  in  18  per  cent 
of  the  cases. 

Among  the  150  men  who  were  specially  examined,  there  was  no 
one  with  any  marked  asymmetry  of  face  or  with  any  anomalies  of 
importance. 

The  neck  is  usually  of  medium  development  and  quite  cylindrical ; 
in  the  younger  men  it  is  frequently  rather  high. 


36  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS   COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

BODY  AND  LIMBS 

So  far  as  could  be  determined  without  undressing  the  subjects, 
96  per  cent  of  them  presented  a  body  of  medium  development  and 
without  marked  abnormalities ;  none  were  obese,  but  4  per  cent  were 
unusually  thin,  though  not  decrepit.  No  special  differences  were 
observed  in  the  various  parts  of  the  body  from  the  normal  or  most 
common  type  in  whites. 

The  hands  and  feet  are  generally  fairly  well  formed  and  not 
large.  No  anomaly  of  fingers  came  to  notice.  The  fingers  and  toes 
are  not  long.  The  toes  were  normal  in  95  per  cent,  in  5  per  cent  of 
the  individuals  they  presented  some  peculiarities.1  They  were  only 
very  rarely  seen  markedly  separated,  as  they  are  frequently  in  the 
Indian.  In  those  who  work  and  go  bare-footed  the  toes  are  generally 
thickened. 

CONCLUDING  REMARKS  ON  NON-INSTRUMENTAL  OBSERVATIONS 

The  features  of  the  Kharga  natives  are  in  general  much  like  those 
of  the  fellaheen  of  the  Valley  who  do  not  show  an  admixture  with 
the  negro.  Nevertheless  the  physiognomy  of  the  Oasis  men  seems 
somewhat  distinctive.  They  could  be  easily  told  from  the  often  finely 
shaped  Berberine  or  Barabra  of  upper  Egypt,  and  the  student  comes 
to  believe  that  he  could  recognize  them  even  from  the  natives  of  the 
neighboring  parts  of  the  valley;  but  the  differences  would  not  be 
easy  to  define.  The  Egyptians  of  the  Valley,  however,  present  a 
larger  number  of  individuals  of  a  decidedly  Semitic  type  of  face. 
Beyond  the  Valley,  the  physiognomy  of  the  Oasis  people  is  close  to 
that  of  the  Arab  and  the  north  African  non-negro  native  in  general. 

The  various  characteristics  of  the  head,  face,  and  body,  barring 
the  color,  when  closely  scrutinized,  are  found  to  be  closely  related  to 
those  of  the  white  race  and  to  have  nothing  in  common  with  what  is 
distinctive  of  the  negro. 

8.  MEASUREMENTS 
STATURE 

The  height  of  the  Kharga  Oasis  men  is  unusually  small,  averaging 
barely  163.8  cm.  (5  ft.  4^  in.).  The  exact  conditions  were  as 
follows : 


1The  principal  anomalies  were  as  follows:  (a)  The  4th  and  5th  left  toes, 
especially  the  latter,  turned  outward  and  downward;  (b)  the  5th  left  toe  is  di- 
minutive; and  (c)  the  great  toe  shows  a  small  toe-like  (nailless)  growth  on 
its  inner  side  and  near  the  end. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


37 


KHARGA    OASIS,    MEN:     STATURE 
Number  of  individuals  measured:  150. 

Average:  163.8 cm.1     (ist  50:  164.3;  2d  50:  162.3;  3d  50:  164.9  cm.) 

Median    164.0 cm.     Modes:  161.5  (161-162)   and  168  (167-168)  cm. 

Minimum  :  150.6  cm.    Maximum  :  174.6  cm. 

Table  of  frequencies : 


in 

oi 
m 

m 

in 

tx. 

m 

0 

»n 

VO5 

IN. 

R 

ji 

'  a 

V  £ 

1     £ 

5  ~ 

t  fci 

vo   " 

i   £ 

i  £ 

T  E 

'0    ^ 

.  u 

& 

in 

m 
m 

tx 

m 

3 

£ 

^ 

^o 

R 

R 

Number  of  cases  

3 

2 

O 

2^? 

24 

25 

30 

21 

8 

5 

Per  cent             

?  0 

1    ? 

6.0 

75    ? 

76  7 

^  0 

5   ? 

Probable    error  =  ±  0.269 ;    standard    deviation,    <?,    =4.89,    ±0.190 
efficient  of  variability,  C,  — 2.987,  ±0.116. 

Height 

in  cm      150  155  160  165  170  175 


;    co- 


PERCENT, 
OF  CASES 
—'20' 


\ 


—  15 


\ 


10- 


\ 


FIG.  2. — Curve  showing  the  distribution  of  statures  among  150  adult  males 
of  the  Kharga  Oasis. 

The  range  of  variation  extends  over  24  cm.,  or  ±  0.073  per 
centimeter  of  the  average,  which  can  not  be  regarded  as  excessive. 
The  distribution  of  the  statures,  however  (fig.  2),  is  somewhat 
peculiar.  If  considered  centimeter  by  centimeter,  it  gives  two  sepa- 
rate modes  well  apart.  These  conditions  are  probably  not  without 


38  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

significance,  but  to  determine  their  exact  bearing  is  difficult.  They 
may  be  anthropological  in  nature,  due  to  admixture  of  two  or  more 
elements  outside  of  the  negro,  or  they  may  be  physiological,  con- 
nected especially  with  the  prevalent  defective  nutrition  in  the  Oasis. 
Perhaps  they  are  the  complex  result  of  both  these*  factors.  Problems 
like  this  can  usually  be  solved  only  by  long  extended  and  comparative 
investigations. 

There  are  some  means  of  contrasting  the  stature  measurements  of 
the  Kharga  people  with  those  of  the  Valley  Egyptians.  In  1904  E. 
Chantre  published  a  work  on  anthropological  research  in  Egypt1 
and  the  following  male  statures  are  recorded  :  127  Copts — 166.0  cm. ; 
91  Fellaheen — 168.4  cm. ;  134  Bedouins — 167.8  cm. ;  and  223  Bedjah 
(Ababdeh,  Barabra,  Bichariet) — 167.6  cm.  All  these  means  are  very 
perceptibly  higher  than  those  of  the  Kharga  natives.  Other  meas- 
urements on  an  extensive  series  of  Egyptians  and  Soudanese  con- 
scripts have  been  published  by  Myers,2  but  as  these  were  men 
selected  for  the  military  on  the  basis  of  good  stature  and  strength, 
their  height  records  are  of  no  value  in  this  connection. 

HEIGHT  SITTING 

The  actual  measurements  are  given  in  the  following  list.  They  are 
of  less  importance  than  the  comparisons  to  be  given  later.  They 
give  a  relatively  solid  curve  of  distribution  (fig.  3).  The  extent  of 
variation  is  slightly  higher,  when  compared  to  a  unit  of  measurement, 
than  that  of  the  total  height  of  the  body.8  No  data  on  the  Valley 
Egyptians  are  in  this  respect  available  for  comparison. 


1  Recherches  anthropologiques  dans  1'Af rique  orientale :  Egypte.  4°,  Lyon, 
1904. 

*  Myers,  Chas. :  Contributions  to  Egyptian  Anthropology :  Tatuing.  Jour- 
nal Anthropological  Institute,  Vol.  33,  January- June,  1903,  pp.  82-89.  The 
Comparative  Anthropometry  of  the  most  Ancient  and  Modern  Inhabitants. 
Ibid.  Vol.  35,  January- June,  1905,  pp.  80-91.  III.  The  Anthropometry  of  the 
Modern  Mahommedans;  IV.  The  Comparison  of  the  Mahommedans  with 
the  Copts  and  the  "  Mixed "  Group.  Ibid.  Vol.  36,  July-December,  1906,  pp. 
237-271.  Contributions  to  Egyptian  Anthropology.  Ibid.  Vol.  28,  January- 
June,  1908,  pp.  99-147- 

8  Variability  per  centimeter :     stature  ±:  0.073  >  height  sitting  ±  0.091. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


39 


KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:      HEIGHT  SITTING 

Number  of  individuals  measured :  150. 

Average  84.0  cm.1    (ist  50 :  84.7  cm ;  2d  50 :  82.7  cm. ;  3d  50 :  84.5  cm.) 

Median:  84. 1  cm.    Modes:  84.0  (83.1-85.0)  cm.;  86.5  (86.1-87.0)  cm. 

Minimum :  75.1  cm.    Maximum  :  90.4  cm. 

Table  of  frequencies: 


£  S 

Q 

g 

rf 

£ 

00 
00 

g 

C   1^ 

o  <-> 
13  o 

~  S 

«  e 

-   6 

•  u 

T  g 

-  6 

y 

«oo 

fc 

eg 

00 

08 

0^ 

^8 

&rt 

Number  of  cases  

2 

II 

28 

-JT 

-7C 

Per  cent  

1.3 

7  J 

J<?  7 

22  0 

2J  J 

20  7 

6  0 

0  7 

1  Probable  error  ±0.155;  standard  deviation,  <r,  =2.820,  zto.no;  coefficient 
of  variability,   C,  =  3-357.  —  0.131. 


Height  sitting 
in  cni     77.5                    80                    82.5                   85                    87.5                   90 

P 
OF 

ER 
•  C 
25 

CENT 
ASES 

^ 

^*- 

-^- 

ss 

/ 

X 

N, 

20 

/ 

/ 

/ 

\ 

/ 

\ 

/ 

\ 

1 

15 

1 

\ 

/ 

\ 

f 

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\ 

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\ 

- 

10 

I 

\ 

I 

/ 

\ 

\ 

1 

\ 

\ 

5 

/ 

^ 

1 

\ 

I 

/ 

v 

^ 

1 

\ 

n-m 

•n" 

•  -' 

" 

B 

FIG.  3. — Curve  showing  the  distribution  of  height  above  ischia  (height 
sitting)  among  150  adult  males  of  the  Kharga  Oasis. 

The  relation  of  the  length  of  that  portion  of  the  body  above  (or 
that  below)  the  lowest  level  of  the  ischia  to  total  stature  is  a  feature 
of  considerable  anthropological  interest.  The  Kharga  natives  show 
in  this  respect  the  conditions  given  in  the  next  table. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.  59 


KHAEGA  OASIS,   MEN:      PERCENTAL  RELATION  OF  HEIGHT   SITTING, 
TO  HEIGHT  STANDING 

Number  of  individuals:   150. 
Average:  51.26*     (Sub  ischia  =  48.74. ) 

Median:  51.5.    Mode:  51.5. 

Minimum:  47.3.     Maximum:  54.3. 

Table  of  frequencies : 


<$ 

* 

o 
in 

m 

a 

eo 
m 

Tf 

in 

m 

in 

i 

1 

i 

1 

1 

tx 

IT 

00 

Tf- 

§ 

d 

in 

m 

oi 

m 

CO 

in 

s 

Number  of  cases 

8 

40 

CJ 

3O 

10 

I 

Per  cent 

0  7 

5  3 

6  0 

26  7 

34  0 

20  0 

6    7 

0  7 

1  Probable  error  —  ±0.071 ;  standard  deviation,  <r,  =1.281,  ±0.050;  co- 
efficient of  variability,  C,  =  2.499,  —  0.097. 

According  to  older  sources,  the  following  proportions  of  the 
upper  and  lower  part  of  the  body,  as  obtained  by  measuring  the 
height  sitting,  have  been  found  in  different  groups  of  whites,  etc. : 


PERCENTAL  VALUE   OF   HEIGHT   SITTING,   IN  REGARD   TO   STATURE 
(After  different  authors,  from  Topinard,  Elements  tf'Anthrop.  gen.,  p.  1070. )* 

Height  Below 

sitting  ischia 

88  Sards  (d'Hercourt)    54.9  (45.1) 

100  Esthonians    (Grube)    53.7  (46.3) 

loo  Keltic  French    (Collignon)    52.6  (47-4) 

100  Cymric  French  (Collignon)    52.2  (47-8) 

329  Americans  (white)  of  21  yrs.  of  age 

(B.  A.  A.  S.  1879)    52.7  (47-3) 

364  English,   of   21    yrs.    of   age    (B.  A. 

A.  S.   1879)    52.4  (47-6) 

60  Lithuanians    (Waeber)    51.9  (48.1) 

100  Livonians    (Waldhauer)     51.4  (48.6) 

100  Jews    (Blechmann)    51.5  (48.5) 

184  Kabyles    (Prengruber)     51.4  (48.6) 

The  most  interesting  and  probably  anthropologically  significant 
feature  in  regard  to  the  Kharga  natives,  is  their  proximity  in  the 
characteristic  under  consideration  to  the  Jews,  and  especially  to  the 
Kabyles.  Such  relation  is  not,  however,  always  racial  in  nature,  for 
it  may  be  merely  a  like  result  of  similar  environmental  agencies, 
particularly  poor  nutrition. 

Among  the  Indians,  the  typically  dolichocephalic  Pima  gave  the 
writer,  for  the  height  above  ischia,  52.9  per  cent ;  for  that  below  the 


1  Compare  also  the  results  obtained  on  the  dead  by  W.  Pf itzner,  Social- 
anthropologische  Studien,  Zeitschrift  f.  Morphologic  and  Anthropologie, 
Vol  i,  1809  p.  325  et  seq. ;  Vol.  3,  1901,  p.  485  et  seq. 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA  4! 

ischia  47.1  per  cent  of  the  total  height;  while  among  the  typically 
brachycephalic  Apache  these  proportions  were  respectively  53.2  and 
46.8  per  cent.1  In  twenty  apparently  full  blood  male  American 
negroes,  measured  by  the  writer,  the  same  proportions  were  respec- 
tively 51.4  and  48.6  per  cent. 

The  range  of  variation  in  the  relative  proportions  of  the  height 
above  and  that  below  the  ischia  in  the  Kharga  natives  is  remark-, 
able.  Each  of  these  proportions  is  evidently  influenced  by  numerous 
factors  which  do  not  act  with  equal  effect  on  the  other. 

A  research  into  the  influences  capable  of  modifying  these  propor- 
tions was  possible  in  one  important  direction :  the  effects  of  the  low- 
est and  the  highest  statures.  It  has  been  shown  already  that  the 
lowest  statures,  where  not  due  to  senility,  stand  often  in  close  con- 
nection with  weaker  muscles  and  prolonged  general  poor  nutrition, 
while  in  the  case  of  the  highest  statures,  the  case  is  often  the  reverse. 
And  the  lowest  statures,  as  will  be  shown  in  the  next  table,  are  also 
frequently  accompanied  with  a  subaverage  relative  length  of  the 
lower  limbs,  whereas  in  the  tallest  individuals  the  length  infra  ischia 
is  perceptibly  above  the  average.  These  conditions  suggest  that  the 
main  causative  agencies  of  low  statures,  and  probably  above  all 
chronic  poor  nutrition,  affect  adversely  the  length  of  the  lower  limbs 
more  than  that  of  the  rest  of  the  body,  while  favorable  conditions  of 
growth,  especially,  in  all  probability,  good  nutrition,  cause  in  general 
a  proportionately  greater  development  in  length  of  the  lower  limbs. 
The  body  supra  ischia  is  the  more  stable  portion,  as  regards  length, 
of  the  human  organism.  There  are  indications  that  these  conditions 
are  not  restricted  to  the  Kharga  natives,  but  will  find  a  much  wider 
anthropological  application. 


1 "  Physiological  and  Medical  Observations,  etc.,"  p.   112  et  seq. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


KHARGA    OASIS,    MEN:       HEIGHT   AND    HEIGHT    SITTING    IN    THE    SHORTEST 
AND    TALLEST   INDIVIDUALS 


Stature  157.5  cra«  an^  less 

Stature  170  cm.  and  more. 

Percental 

Percental 

Percental 

Percental 

Stature 

Height  sit- 
ting 

relation  of 
height  sit- 
ting to 

relation  of 
the  parts 
infra  ischia 

Stature 

Height  sit- 
ting 

relation  of 
height  sit- 
ting to 

relation  of 
the  parts 
infra  ischia 

stature 

to  stature 

stature 

to  stature 

cm. 

cm. 

150.6 

79  •  8 

53-0 

47-0 

170.5 

85.6 

50.2 

49-8 

152.3 

80.4 

52.8 

47.2 

170.7 

89.5 

52.4 

47.6 

152.3 

80.3 

52.7 

47-3 

171.1 

88.5 

51-7 

48.3 

153-6 

81.7 

53.2 

46.8 

I7I.3 

87.4 

51.0 

49-0 

154-5 

81.0 

52.4 

47-6 

172.2 

87.6 

50.9 

49.1 

155-2 

81.2 

52.3 

47-7 

172.4 

84.8 

49-2 

50.8 

155.7 

81.4 

52.3 

47-7 

172.4 

87.1 

50.5 

49.5 

155.7 
155.7 

75-1 
78.6 

48.2 
50.5 

Si.* 

49-5 

172.5 
172.7 

49-2 
5i.  i 

50.8 
48.9 

155-9 
156.0 

79.9 
80.  i 

51-2 
5i-3 

48.8 
48.7 

172.7 
173-8 

88.3 
85.5 

5i.i 
49-2 

48.9 
50.8 

156.3 

80.4 

5i-4 

48.6 

174.5 

90.4 

51-8 

48.2 

156.5 

79-0 

50.5 

49-5 

174-6 

85.8 

49.1 

50.9 

157.5 

82.1 

52.1 

47-9 

Averages  (14  individuals): 

Averages  (13  individuals): 

154.8 

80.1 

51.7 

48.3 

172.4 

87.4 

50.6 

49.4 

As  to  the  effect  of  age  on  the  relative  proportion  of  the  upper  and 
lower  parts  of  the  body,  the  Kharga  series  shows  nothing  definite ; 
but  it  includes  no  really  senile  individuals.  It  seems  safe  to  assume 
that,  due  principally  to  the  frequent  greater  bending  of  the  spine  in 
the  aged,  the  average  value  of  the  height  above  ischia  in  relation 
to  that  below  the  ischia  diminishes  in  advanced  age.  This  principle 
is,  of  course,  applicable  to  all  groups  of  mankind,  not  merely  the 
Egyptians. 

THE  HEAD 
Length  of  Head 

The  maximum  length  of  the  head  averages  18.9  centimeters,  which 
is  a  fair  dimension.  Its  range  of  variation  extends  over  28  mm., 
equaling  ±  0.74  per  each  cm.  of  the  average,  which  is  not  excessive. 

The  curve  of  distribution  of  the  measurement  (fig.  4)  is  somewhat 
unusual. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA   OASIS — HRDLICKA 


43 


KHARGA  OASIS,    MEN:     DIAMETER  ANTERO-POSTERIOR    OF    MAXIMUM  HEAD 

Number  of  individuals  measured :  I5O.1 
Average:  18.9  cm.2      (ist  50:  19.0;  2d  50:  18.8;  3d  50:  18.9 cm.) 

Median :  18.9  cm.     Mode :  19.0  cm. 

Minimum  :  J/.6  cm.    Maximum :  204  cm. 

Table  of  frequencies: 


00 

01 

•<t 

VO 

00 

N 

Tt 

vo 

00 

M 

•* 

B 

IN, 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

o\ 

o\ 

0\ 

a 

ON 

p 

8 

8 

VO 

iLE 

-g 

~  6 

1»G 

toS 

tLe 

A.E 

JL  5 

<t>& 

4>E 

t^E 

o>S 

iE 

<!oS 

ts. 

lxU 

txU 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00* 

d\ 

0\ 

o\ 

d\ 

ON 

8 

8 

Number  of 

cases  .... 

I 

3 

3 

8 

10 

22 

22 

30 

22 

Q 

9 

4 

5 

i 

i 

Per  cent... 

0.7 

2.0 

2.0 

5.3 

6.7 

14.7 

14.7 

20.0 

± 

d.  a 

6.0 

2.7 

3.3 

0.7 

0.7 

1  Includes  no  deformed  or  pathological  heads ;  and  the  same  applies  to  the 
other  skull  measurements. 

a  Probable  error  =  ±  0.028 ;  standard  deviation,  <r,  =  0.5054,  ±  0.020 ;  co- 
efficient of  variability,  C,  =  2.674,  —  0.104. 

Breadth  of  Head 

The  greatest  breadth  of  the  head  gives  the  moderate  mean  of  14.4 
cm.  It  varies  to  the  extent  of  25  mm.,  or  0.088  per  each  cm.  of  the 
average,  hence  slightly  more  than  the  length ;  the  curve  of  distribu- 
tion, however  (fig.  4),  though  quite  shouldered,  is  unusually  solid. 


KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:  DIAMETER  LATERAL  MAXIMUM  OF  HEAD 

Number  of  individuals  measured :   150. 
Average:  14.14cm.1     (ist  50:  14.14;  2d  50:  14.06;  3d  50:  14.22 cm.) 

Median:  14.2 cm.     Mode:  i^cm. 

Minimum :  12.8  cm.     Maximum  :  15.5  cm. 

Table  of  frequencies: 


ON 

CO 

to 

K 

ON 

CO 

to 

^ 

ON 

u 

CO 

01 

M 

CO 

CO    . 

CO     . 

CO     . 

•4> 

•^t   . 

Tf      . 

rf    . 

10   . 

(£§ 

CO 
M 

1-1   £5 
N    O 

TS 

"fr  0 

**• 

ss 

"*  0 

vi§ 

£§ 

1 

SI 

N 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

CO 

Tj- 

•^- 

Tf 

•^- 

•^ 

to 

l~l 

Number  of  cases. 

I 

2 

7 

13 

IQ 

25 

27 

28 

14 

5 

4 

2 

Per  cent  

0.7 

2.0 

1.3 

4.7 

8.7 

12.7 

16.7 

18.0 

18.7 

9.J 

J.^ 

2.7 

1  Probable  error  =  dr  0.025  ;  standard  deviation,  <r,  =  0.4507,  ±  0.018 ;  co- 
efficient of  variability,  C,  =  3.196,  ±  0.124. 

Both  the  length  and  the  breadth  of  the  head  augment,  as  will  be 
seen  in  the  next  table,  with  the  height  of  the  body,  and  they  augment 
at  nearly  the  same  ratio.  The  latter  fact  indicates  that  it  is  in 


44 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


KHARGA   OASIS,    MEN:     RELATION   OF  LENGTH  AND   BREADTH    OF 
HEAD   TO    STATURE 

Length  and  breadth  of  head  in  the  loivest  and  highest  statures 


14  shortest  individuals  of  the  series 

13  tallest  individuals  of  the  series 

Stature 

Length  of  head 

Breadth  of  head 

Stature 

Length  of  head 

Breadth  of  head 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

150.6 

18.5 

'3-9 

170.5 

19.2 

13.1 

152.3 

18.0 

13-35 

170.7 

19.4 

13.0 

152.3 

18.9 

12.9 

171.1 

18.8 

13-8 

153.6 

18.2 

12.7 

I7L3 

19.9 

14.15 

154-5 

18.5 

12.5 

172.2 

19.0 

13-3 

155.2 

19.2 

13.7 

172.4 

18.6 

12.8 

155-7 

19-3 

13.5 

172.4 

19.9 

13.55 

155.7 

19.6 

13-05 

172.5 

18.4 

13.55 

155.7 

19.4 

13.25 

172.7 

19.0 

13.05 

155.9 

18.2 

13-0 

172.7 

18.9 

13.4 

156.0 

18.8 

12.95 

173-8 

19.0 

13.1 

156.3 

18.2 

13.0 

174.5 

18.3 

13.45 

156.5 

19.5 

13.2 

174-6 

18.7 

13.5 

157-5 

17.7 

13-2 

Averages : 


154.8 

18,7 
(17.7-19.6) 

13.16 
(12.5-13.9) 

172.4 

19.0 
(18.3-19-9) 

13.37 
(12.8-14.15) 

Stature  and  breadth  of  head  corresponding  to  shortest  and  longest  heads 

15  shortest  heads 


15  longest  heads 


Length  of  head 

Stature 

Breadth  of  head 

Length  of  head 

Stature 

Breadth  of  head 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

17-6 

162.0 

13.0 

19.6 

155-7 

13.05 

17.7 
17.7 

157-5 
169.4 

13-2 
12.85 

19.6 
19.6 

159-8 
168.8 

13.3 
13.15 

17-8 

157-8 

12.6 

19.6 

164.7 

13.3 

i8..o 

163.0 

12.9 

19.7 

165.0 

13-3 

18.0 

152.3 

13-35 

19.8 

168.3 

I4.I 

18.0 

163.7 

12-5 

19.8 

164.8 

13.5 

18.1 

160.7 

13.05 

19.8 

165.8 

13.4 

18.1 

I60.8' 

I3-I 

19.9 

172.4 

13.55 

18.1 

l6l.3 

13-0 

19.9 

I7I.3 

14.15 

18.2 

164.7 

13-55 

20.0 

163.3 

13-55 

18.2 

153-6 

12.7 

20.0 

169.4 

13.7 

18.2 

155.9 

13.0 

20.  0 

I66.I 

13.4 

18.2 

168.0 

12.3 

20.1 

163.4 

13.05 

18.2 

156.3 

13.0 

20.4 

168.6 

13-4 

Averages 


18.0 

160.5 

12.9 

19.85 

265.8 

13.64 

(152.3- 

(I2.3-I3.55) 

(155.7- 

(13.05- 

169.4) 

172.4) 

14.15) 

NO.    1  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA  45 

reality  the  size  of  the  head  and  not  its  length  or  breadth  that  is 
directly  correlated  with  the  stature. 

The  augmentation  in  both  measurements  is  not  exactly  propor- 
tionate to  stature  in  all  its  grades,  but  lags  behind  as  the  stature 
increases,  so  that  while  in  the  shortest  men  the  length  and  breadth 
of  the  head  represent  respectively  12.1  and  8.5  per  cent  of  the  body 
height,  in  the  tallest  men  they  represent  only  n.o  and  7.75  per  cent 
of  the  same. 

Cephalic  Index 

The  cephalic  index  averages  74.83,  which  characterizes  the  Kharga 
people  as  in  general  dolicho-  and  mesocephalic.  The  extremes  extend 
on  one  side- to  hyperdolichocephaly  while  on  the  other  they  barely 
reach  the  beginning  of  brachycephaly,  showing  that  there  is  but  little 
tendency  towards  real  broad-headedness.  The  range  of  variation, 
12.7  or  ±  0.085  Per  unit  of  the  average,  is  not  unusual.  The  curve 
of  distribution  (fig.  4)  of  the  index,  however,  shows  two  pro- 
nounced and  well  separated  points,  which  exceed  considerably  any 
effects  of  the  mathematical  probable  error  and  which,  considering  the 
number  of  subjects  involved,  can  not  well  be  regarded  as  without  sig- 
nificance. The  tendency  towards  this  double  grouping  is  recog- 
nizable in  the  distribution  curves  of  both  the  measurements  the  rela- 
tion of  which  is  expressed  by  the  cephalic  index,  but  in  the  latter  the 
condition  is  especially  clear.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  Myers  a 
found  a  very  much  similar  condition  in  the  soldiers  from  several  of 
the  Egyptian  provinces,  but  decided,  not  warrantably,  it  seems,  that 
the  two  peaks  of  his  polygons  "  were  purely  due  to  chance."  The 
two  peaks  were  located  in  all  cases  one  at  73  and  the  other  at  76-77, 
which  agrees  closely  with  the  72.5  and  75.5  peaks  at  Kharga. 

The  writer  feels  obliged  to  regard  the  principal  grouping  shown 
by  the  cephalic  index  curve  or  polygon  at  Kharga  as  not  wholly 
accidental.  It  has  very  probably  other  causes.  These  may  be  racial, 
in  which  the  condition  would  express  a  mixture  of  two  ethnic 
elements,  one  more  and  one  less  dolichocephalic;  or  it  may  be 
pathological,  using  this  term  especially  in  its  extension  to  various 
defective  conditions  that  are  liable  to  affect  adversely  the  develop- 
ments and  growth  of  the  organism.  The  problem  is  difficult  of 
definite  solution  from  the  data  at  hand.  The  writer's  impression  is 
that  in  this  case  it  is  principally  the  anthropological  factor  that  is 
accountable. 


1  Myers,  C.  S. :  Contribution  to  Egyptian  Anthropology ;  III.  The  Anthro- 
pometry of  the  Modern  Mahommedans.  Jour.  Anthr.  Inst.  Vol.  36,  1906,  p. 
246  et  seq. 


Cm.       17.5  18  18.5  19  19.5  20  20.5 


FIG.  4. — Curve  showing  the  distribution  of  Length  of  Head  (L.  //.), 
Breadth  of  Head  (B.  H.)  and  Cephalic  Index  (C.  /.),  in  150  adult  males  of 
the  Kharga  Oasis. 


NO.    1 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


47 


KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:    CEPHALIC  INDEX 

Number  of  individuals:   150. 

Average  cephalic  index:  74.83*     (ist  50:  74.5;  2d  50:  74.8;  3d  50:  75.2.) 

Median:   75.0.  Modes:   7^.5    (72.1-73)    and   75.5    (75.1-76). 

Minimum :  68.2.   Maximum  :  80.9. 

Table  of  frequencies: 


f 

R 

M 

tx 

i 

$ 

S 

V 

I 

^ 

i 

? 

3 

T 

8 

£ 

R 

£ 

i. 

R 

S 

£ 

* 

& 

* 

R 

5 

Number  of  cases. 

I 

2 

6 

IS 

19 

17 

15 

26 

17 

M 

7 

9 

3 

Per  cent  

0.7 

liJ 

4.0 

10.0 

12.7 

J7.J 

.70.  0 

17.3 

J7.J 

4.7 

6.0 

1  Probable  error  =  ±  0.146;  standard  deviation,  <r,  =2.655,  ±0.103;  coef- 
ficient of  variability,  C,  =  3.544,  ±  0.138. 

The  length  of  the  head,  the  breadth  of  the  head  and  the  cephalic 
index  of  the  men  at  Kharga  show  in  general  a  close  relation  to 
similar  determinations  made  by  Chantre  and  Myers  on  the  Valley 
Egyptians,  as  will  be  seen  from  the  following  comparison : 


Head: 
Subjects  Observer  Length  Breadth  Index 

150  Kharga  Oasis  men   Hrdlicka    18.9  14.1  74.9 

127  Copts    Chantre 18.85  14-2  75.2 

91  Fellaheen    Chantre 19.0  14.2  74.7 

44  Copts    (soldiers)    Myers  19.3  14.3  74.0 

369  Egyptian  Moslems  (soldiers)  Myers   1946  14.43  74-3 

Myers'  subjects,  selected  in  recruiting  for  their  tall  stature,  give 
naturally  higher  absolute  values  for  the  length  and  breadth  meas- 
urements than  the  other  series,  but  the  index  remains  much  the 
same  as  in  the  other  groups ;  it  varies,  as  seen,  only  to  the  extent  of 
1.2  points  in  the  five  series  recorded. 

The  cephalic  index  of  the  Kharga  men  agrees  well  with  that  of 
the  Coptic  mummies  of  the  Oasis,  and  also,  as  will  be  shown  below 
on  one  hand  with  that  of  the  Arabs,  and  on  the  other  with  that 
of  most  of  the  Berbers  and  other  non-negroid  north-Africans.  Of 
course  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  similarity  of  the  cephalic 
index  is  of  anthropological  value  only  when  other  important  charac- 
teristics of  the  given  groups  are  alike.  Such  agreement  actually 
exists  in  the  here  adduced  non-negroid  peoples. 


48  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

MEAN   CEPHALIC   INDEX  IN  VARIOUS   NORTH  AFRICAN   GROUPS 

(Arranged   from   data  given  by  Chantre.1) 
Males 

No.  of  Cephalic 

Tribes  Observer  individuals  index 

Arabs  of  Ougorla  (?)    Elisseieff    20  72.00 

Arabs  of  Oran  (?)     Bleicher    10  73.21 

Arabs  of  Sinai    Elisseieff    20  73-87 

Arabs  of  Ouled  Touarah   Chantre    18  73.30 

Arabs  of  Ouled  Ayaideh    Chantre    41  b.  s.       74.48 

Arabs  of  Ma'azeh    Chantre     . . . , 40  b.  s.       75  oo 

Arabs  of  Alep    Chantre     22  77.05 

Berbers  of  Aures     Elisseieff    10  72.00 

Berbers  of  Chemini     Bertholon     40  72.62 

Berbers  of  Menzel Bertholon    53  72.79 

Berbers  of  Ouled  Harabi  Chantre 29  72.82 

Berbers  of  Kroumirie    Bertholon  358  73-99 

Berbers  of  Kama Bertholon     64  74-37 

Berbers  of  Djara  Bertholon   14  74.80 

Berbers  of  Medjez-el-Bab Collignon    16  75.39 

Berbers  of  Chaouias  Faidherbe  15  75.60 

Berbers  of  Palestro Prengrueber    184  76.04 

Berbers  of  Biskra    Seriziat   180  76.07 

Berbers  of  Mozabit Amat   . . : 50  77.03 

Berbers  of  Kairouan Collignon    61  77-59 

Berbers  of  Gerba Bertholon   330  79-94 

Ouled  Nagama    Chantre    21  75-26 

Ouled  Aly    Chantre  20  75.39 

Ouled  Said  Collignon    16  77.79 

Beoni-Maguel  of  Gerba Bertholon  34  82.24 

Ouled  Zelofras  of  Gerba Bertholon  11  82.50 

Height  of  Head 

The  height  of  the  head  measured  by  the  writer  throughout  his 
investigations  on  the  living,  is  that  from  the  line  connecting  the 
floor  of  the  auditory  canals  to  the  scalp  over  the  bregma.  The  method 
relied  upon  and  which  gives  results  somewhat  higher  than  those  ob- 
tained by  the  means  of  Gray's  radiometer,  is  given  briefly  in  the  foot- 
note.2 Regrettably  both  Chantre  and  Myers  in  their  measurements 
on  the  Egyptians  used  other  methods,  and  their  results  are  not  com- 
parable with  those  here  recorded. 


1  Recherches  anthropologiques  dans  1'Afrique  orientale :   Egypte.  4°,  Lyon 
1904. 

2  The  measurement  is  obtained  by  a  spreading  and  a  sliding  compass.     The 
branches  of  a  suitable  compos  d'epaisseur  are  introduced  well  into  the  audi- 
tory meati  and  allowed  to  rest  on  their  floor.     The  expansion  of  the  instru- 
ment is  noted,  with  the  scale  held  over  the  bregma  region ;  the  distance  from 
the  bregma  region  to  the  lower  edge  of  the  scale  is  measured  by  the  rod  of 
the  compos  glissicre,  and  a  simple  arithmetical  process  gives  the  biauricular 
line-bregma  height.    With  practice  the  measurement  becomes  easy,  rapid,  and 
at  least  as  reliable  as  the  measure  of  the  same  height  by  any  other  method. 
With   due  care,  particularly  as  to  the  temperature  of  the   instrument,  the 
branches  of  the  compass  in  the  ears  cause  but  very  little  discomfort.     The 
writer  has  used  this  method  now  for  many  years  with  satisfactory  results, 
and  after  testing  the  Gray's  radiometer,  must  prefer  it  to  that  instrument. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


49 


The  conditions  shown  by  this  measurement  in  the  Kharga  men 

were  as  follows  : * 

KHARGA    OASIS,    MEN:     HEIGHT    OF    HEAD 

Number  of  individuals  measured:  150. 

Average:  13.17  cm.1     (ist  50:  13.2;  2d  50:  13.1;  3d  50:  13.2  cm.) 

Median:   13.2  cm.     Modes:  13.0  and  13.4  cm. 

Minimum  :  12.3  cm.     Maximum :  14.1  cm. 

Table  of  frequencies : 


;:. 

u-) 

t^ 

o\ 

o 

co 

if) 

t*+ 

ON 

u 

s 

01     . 

N     . 

01    . 

co    . 

co   . 

CO    . 

CO     . 

o 

co 

^-  o 

VO   0 

00    0 

co 

r  s 

01    0 

Tj-  0 

51 

oo  o 

-^- 

01 

01 

01 

01 

CO 

CO 

co 

CO 

CO 

4r 

Number  of  cases 

T. 

4" 

TQ 

•2T 

?2 

•3T 

8 

6 

2 

Per  cent 

9   0 

2  7 

9  3 

12  7 

20  7 

21  3 

20  7 

5  .? 

4  0 

7  J 

1  Probable  error  =±0.020;  standard  deviation,  <r,  =0.3646,  ±0.014;  co- 
efficient of  variability,  C,  =2.762,  ±  0.108. 

The  average  height  of  the  head,  based  on  the  above  measurements, 
namely  13.17  cm.,  corresponds  to  a  somewhat  higher  basion-bregma 
height  on  the  skull  and  indicates  that  the  cranium  of  the  Kharga 
Oasis  natives  is  relatively  of  moderate  height. 

The  variation  of  this  dimension  extends  to  18  mm.,  which  is 
±  0.069  f°r  eacn  cm-  °f  the  mean  measurement. 

Several  interesting  features  are  revealed  by  the  study  of  the  rela- 
tion of  the  height  of  the  head  to  the  form  of  the  head,  the  height  of 
the  body,  and  the  size  of  the  head. 

As  shown  in  the  following  table,  the  relation  between  the  height 
of  the  head  and  the  cephalic  index  is  quite  insignificant.  The 
average  of  the  cephalic  index  in  the  lowest  and  the  highest  heads  is 
very  much  alike.  Among  the  lowest  heads  seven  are  dolichocephalic 
(below  75),  while  among  those  of  the  highest  heads  there  are  eight 
of  that  form. 

It  may  then  be  concluded  that  in  the  Kharga  men  the  head  form 
as  expressed  by  the  cephalic  index  is  not  in  any  appreciable  way 
dependent  on,  nor  does  it  affect  in  any  appreciable  way,  the  height  of 
the  head. 

The  relation  of  stature  to  the  height  of  the  head  is  more  evident. 
The  series  of  lowest  heads  shows  an  association  with  notably  smaller 


1  For   results   of  the   measurement   on  the   American   Indian,   see   writer's 
"Physiological  and  Medical  Observations,  etc."     p.  118. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


average  body  height  than  that  of  the  highest  vaults.  In  the  former 
series  there  are  only  two  individuals  (15%)  of  1.65  m.  in  stature 
or  above,  while  in  the  equally  as  large  series  of  the  highest  heads, 
there  are  seven  (or  nearly  54%)  of  such  statures. 

KHAEGA    OASIS,    MEN:     RELATION   OF    HEIGHT    OF    HEAD    TO    STATUEE, 
FOEM  OF  HEAD  AND  SIZE   OF  HEAD 


Cases  with  smallest  height  of  head 
(13.65  cm*  and  below) 

Cases  with  greatest  height  of  head 
(13.7  cm.  and  above) 

Height  of 
head 

Stature 

Cephalic 
index 

Cephalic 
module 

Height  of 
head 

Stature 

Cephalic 
index 

Cephalic 
module 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

12.30 

164.5 

75-8 

15-0 

13.70 

165.0 

73-4 

15-7 

12.30 
12.35 

168.0 

160.0 

70.3 
71.7 

14.4 
I4.8 

13.70 
13.70 

155-2 
163.3 

75-0 
77-4 

15.8 
15.6 

12.50 

163.7 

77-8 

14.8 

13.70 

169.4 

73-5 

16.1 

12.50 

12.55 

^'5 
169.4 

73-5 
72-4 

14.9 
14.8 

13-75 
13.80 

161.6 
169.4 

K 

15-7 
15.8 

12.55 
12.60 
12.60 

163.5 
157.8 

158.5 

68.2 
78.6 

75-5 

14.9 
14.8 
15-2 

13-80 
13-80 
13.80 

160.0 
171.1 
159.6 

71.6 
76.6 
74-3 

15-7 
15-7 
15-7 

12.65 

158.7 

73-1 

14.9 

13.85 

167.1 

74-7 

15.7 

12.65 

162.2 

72.1 

I5-I 

13.90 

150.6 

75-3 

15.3 

12.65 

161.3 

77-0 

15.2 

14.10 

168.3 

72.7 

16.1 

12.65 

164.1 

77-6 

15.0 

14.15 

171-3 

72.9 

16.2 

Averages  (13  cases): 

Averages  (13  cases): 

12-53 

162.0 

74.1 

14.9 

13-83 

164.0 

74-7 

15-8 

It  then  appears  that  higher  stature  tends  in  general  to  be  ac- 
companied with  an  absolutely  higher  head,  than  low  stature.  But 
there  is  no  direct  proportion  between  the  increase  in  the  height  of 
the  head  and  that  of  the  stature.  Among  the  lowest  heads  the  pro- 
portional relation  between  the  height  of  the  head  and  the  height  of 
the  body  is  as  i :  12.1,  while  among  the  highest  heads  it  is  only  as 
1 :  11.9.  This  indicates  that  the  growth  of  the  head  in  height,  while 
it  to  some  extent  augments  in  accord  with  increasing  stature,  is  in 
the  main  subject  to  other  influences. 

The  most  interesting  comparison  is  that  between  the  height  of  the 
head  and  the  size  of  the  same.  The  size  of  the  head  is  most  con- 
veniently represented  by  the  mean  cephalic  diameter  or  the  cephalic 
module.  Compared  with  this,  it  is  found  that  low  height  of  the  head 
corresponds  in  general  to  a  small  head  as  a  whole,  and  vice  versa.1 

1  See  in  this  connection  Boas,  R,  The  Cephalic  Index,  Amer.  Anthropologist, 
N.  S.,  I,  1899,  pp.  448-461.  All  the  statements  advanced  there  are,  however, 
not  borne  out  by  the  present  study. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


This  condition  is  expressed  not  only  by  the  averages,  but  is  also 
illustrated  by  the  fact  that  in  the  series  of  the  lowest  heads  there 
are  no  instances  of  a  cephalic  module  higher  than  15.2,  while  in  the 
series  of  highest  heads  there  is  no  module  lower  than  15.3. 

It  is  further  found,  however,  that  in  the  case  of  the  lowest  heads, 
the  average  height  of  the  head  corresponds  to  the  average  cephalic 
module  of  the  same  heads  only  in  the  proportion  of  84.1  to  100, 
while  in  the  case  of  the  highest  heads  that  proportion  is  as  87.6  to 
loo.  This  indicates  that  the  height  of  the  head  increases  faster  than 
the  size  of  the  head  as  a  whole,  and  hence  to  some  extent  indepen- 
dently of  the  same. 

As  to  the  relation  of  the  height  of  the  head  to  the  length  and 
breadth  of  the  same,  the  following  data  show  conclusively  that  the 
highest  heads  are  also  as  a  rule  absolutely  longer  and  broader  than 
the  lowest  ones.  Under  normal  conditions,  therefore,  an  exceptional 
cephalic  height  is  largely  a  function  of  the  size  of  the  head  (which, 
in  turn,  as  brought  out  before,  stands  in  close  connection  with  the 
stature). 

KHAKGA  OASIS,  MEN:     RELATION  OF  HEIGHT  OF  HEAD  TO  LENGTH  AND 
BREADTH  OF  SAME 


Cases  with  smallest  height  of  head 
(12.65  cm-  and  below) 

Cases  with  greatest  height  of  head 
(13.7  cm.  and  above.) 

Height  of  head 

Length  of  head 

Breadth  of  head 

Height  of  head 

Length  of  head 

Breadth  of  head 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

12.30 

18.6 

I4.I 

13.70 

19.2 

14.1 

12.30 

18.2 

12.8 

13.70 

19.2 

14.4 

12.35 

18.7 

13.4 

13.70 

18.6 

14.4 

12.50 

18.0 

I4.O 

13.70 

20.0 

14.7 

12.50 

18.5 

13-6 

13-75 

19-3 

14.2 

12.55 

18.5 

13-4 

13.80 

I9.I 

14.2 

12.55 
12.60 

19.2 
17.8 

I3.I 
14.0 

13.80 
13.80 

18.6 
19.4 

14.9 
13.9 

12.60 

18.8 

14.2 

13.80 

18.8 

14.4 

12.65 

18.6 

13.6 

13-85 

19.0 

14.2 

12.65 

19.0 

13.7 

13.90 

18.5 

13.6 

12.65 

18.7 

14.4 

14.10 

19.8 

14.4 

12.65 

18.3 

14.2 

14.15 

19-9 

14.5 

Averages  (13  cases): 

Averages  (13  cases): 

12.53 

18.53 

13.73 

13.83 

19.18 

14.30 

Percental  rela- 

tion of  height 
to  length  and 
breadth  

67.6 

91.3 

.... 

72.1 

96.7 

SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.  59 


The  mutual  relation  of  the  three  main  diameters,  however,  does 
not  remain  the  same  from  the  lowest  to  the  highest  heads.  With  the 
height  it  is  as  110.4  m  the  latter  to  100  in  the  former,  but  with  the 
breadth  similar  proportions  are  only  104.2  to  100,  and  with  the  length 
103.5  to  loo.  Hence,  the  highest  heads  are  not  only  highest  abso- 
lutely, but  also  relatively  to  head  length  and  breadth.  The  length 
has  evidently  lagged  behind  even  slightly  more  than  the  breadth  (C.  I. 
in  lowest  heads  74,  in  highest  74. 6) ,  but  the  difference  is  small  and 
within  the  possibilities  of  accidental. 

The  above  conditions  do  not  fall,  it  seems  to  the  writer,  in  the 
category  of  simple  compensations ;  they  are  more  likely  directly 
connected  with  the  anatomical  peculiarities  of  the  vault  of  the  skull 
and  are  expressions,  in  the  main,  of  the  law  of  expansion  of  the  skull 
in  the  directions  of  lesser  resistance. 

Cephalic  Module 

The  sum  of  the  length,  breadth  and  height  of  the  head,  divided  by 
three,  gives  the  mean  diameter  of  the  head  or  the  cephalic  module,1 

Cm.        14  14.5  15  15.5  16  16.5 


PERCENT* 
OF  CASES 
-20 


\ 


C.M 


15 


10 


\ 


FIG.  5. — Curve  showing  the  distribution  of  cephalic  module  (mean  diameter 
of  the  head)  among  150  adult  males  of  the  Kharga  Oasis. 

which,  for  comparative  purposes,  represents  the  size  of  the  head 


1  The  term  "  modulus  "  was  first  employed  by  E.  Schmidt,  who  designated 
by  it  (in  Archiv  f.  Anthrop.,  Vol.  12,  i87Q-'8o,  p.  179,  and  in  his  "  Anthropolo- 
gische  Methoden  "  Leipzig,  1888,  p.  212  et  seq.)  the  mean  of  the  three  diame- 
ters of  the  skull. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


53 


better  than  the  circumference  or  any  other  single  dimension.  When 
its  relations  to  cranial  capacity  are  better  known,  the  cephalic  module 
will  serve  capably,  particularly  in  the  form  of  its  averages,  as  an 
index  of  the  size  of  the  brain. 

The  conditions  shown  by  the  Kharga  Oasis  men  in  regard  to  the 
cephalic  module  are  given  in  the  next  table.  The  average  is  per- 
ceptibly smaller  than  that  of  the  central  or  north  Europeans,  and 
also  smaller  than  that  of  the  majority  of  the  tribes  of  the  Indians. 
Some  details  concerning  this  point  will  be  given  in  succeeding 
paragraphs.  The  range  of  variation  is  moderate,  extending  over 
17.5  mm.,  which  equals  the  variability  of  0.057  Per  centimeter  of  the 
mean.  The  distribution  of  the  module  gives  two  fairly  separate  and 
distinct  modes. 


KHABGA  OASIS,  MEN:     CEPHALIC  MODULE.1 

Number  of  observations  :  150. 

Average:  /5.4cm.2  (ist  50:  15.45;  2d  50:  15.31;  3d  50:  15.45  cm.) 

Median:   15.38  cm.  Modes:   15.25   (15.21-15.3)    and  15.55    (15.51-15.6)  cm. 

Minimum  :  14.43  cm-    Maximum  :  16. 18  cm. 

Table  of  frequencies: 


VO 

^ 

00 

ON 

_ 

HH 

01 

«> 

^ 

J 

n- 

rt 

Tj- 

IO 

IO 

10 

10 

to 

£   g 

ii  £ 

I  £ 

1  £ 

i  £ 

i  £ 

i  £ 

JH    £ 

is 

J2   <-> 

VO   U 

lx  0 

00   0 

O\  O 

O   0 

HH      U 

04    O 

ro  0 

« 

Tf 

TJ- 
M 

3 

Zf 

10 
M 

IO 

to 

to 

Number  of  cases. 

I 

I 

2 

5 

10 

10 

15 

I? 

15 

Per  cent 

0   7 

0  7 

J  3 

J  3 

6   7 

6.7 

10.0 

11.3 

10.0 

1O      V 

vo 

t-^ 

00 

ON 

HH 

N 

IO 

IO 

IO 

IO 

IO 

vo 

VO 

NO 

Is 

Tf  0 

is 

IO  O 

is 

\o  o 

1  £ 

t^  u 

i  £ 

00    0 

Ea 

ON  0 

SB 

o  o 

Ee 

<-*  u 

IO 

IO 

IO 

IO 

IO 

IO 

VO 

VO 

Number  of  cases  

IT. 

18 

15 

14 

6 

3 

2 

I 

Per  cent  

8.7 

12.0 

10.0 

9.3 

4.0 

2.0 

1.3 

^.(7 

1      Diameter  antero-posterior  max.  +  diameter  lateral  max.  +  auricular  line  —  bregma  height 

3 

2  Probable  errors  ±  0.018;  standard  deviation,  <r,  =0.3312,  ±0.013;  co- 
efficient of  variability,  C,  =2.151,  ±  0.084. 

The  size  of  the  head,  expressed  by  the  module  or  in  any  other 
manner,  possesses  in  the  whites  and  in  other  races,  as  is  well  known, 
certain  relations  to  stature.  This  relation  is  not  the  same  for  all  the 
different  statures  found  in  any  group,  nor  is  it  equally  proportionate  to 


54 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


the  different  grades  of  stature.  In  general  the  head  shows  larger 
size  the  more  considerable  is  the  height  of  the  body,  and  vice  versa ; 
however,  in  individuals  above  the  average  in  stature  the  relative  size 
of  the  head  lags  behind  the  body  height,  while  in  those  of  statures 
below  the  average  the  body  height  decreases  in  a  more  rapid  ratio 
than  the  size  of  the  head.  The  short  men  or  women  of  any  racial 
group,  therefore,  may  be  expected  to  possess  heads  absolutely  smaller, 
but  relatively  to  stature  larger,  than  the  tall  individuals. 

Precisely  such  conditions  as  outlined  above  are  shown  by  the 
Kharga  natives.  They  appear  clearly  in  the  succeeding  tables,  the 
first  of  which  gives  the  average  head-stature  index,  with  its  range 
of  variation,  in  this  series  of  Egyptians,  while  the  second  exhibits 
the  variation  of  the  index  with  that  of  stature. 


KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:    THE  HEAD-STATURE  INDEX,  OR  PER-MILLE  RELATION 

OF  CEPHALIC  MODULE    (MEAN  CRANIAL  DIAMETER)    TO 

STATURE   (STATURE=1000) 

Number  of  observations :  150. 

Average:  p^.o.1     (ist  50:  94.0;  2d  50:  94.3;  3d  50:  93.7.) 

Median:  94. 1.    Mode:  94.5  (94.1-95}. 

Minimum:  85.9.    Maximum:  101.8. 

Table  of  frequencies: 


! 

<£ 

t*^ 
t 

$ 

! 

IN. 

00 

f 

88 

I 

& 

? 

i 

! 

0\ 

I 

i 

I 

5 

Number  of  cases. 
Per  cent 

i 

0.7 

.. 

6 
4  0 

i 

0  7 

5 
3  3 

10 
6.7 

16 
10.7 

16 
10.7 

19 

12.7 

00 

? 

I 

? 

| 

I 

8 

T 

o 

T 

M 

o 

i 

ON 

i 

& 

% 

« 

8 

o 

Number  of  cases  

21 

18 

9 

4 

5 

i 

4 

Per  cent  

14.0 

12.0 

9.3 

6.0 

2.7 

J.J 

(7.7 

2.7 

1  Probable  error  =  ±  0.169;  standard  deviation,  <r,  =3.066,  ±0.119;  co- 
efficient of  variability,  C,  =  3.258,  it  0.127. 

The  average  head-stature  index  of  the  Kharga  men  with  the  mean 
body  height  of  163.8  cm.,  namely  94.0  (94  mm.  of  body  height  to 
each  centimeter  of  the  mean  head  diameter),  is  about  equal  to  that 
of  male  whites  of  170  cm.  in  stature  (according  to  the  writer's  obser- 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA   OASIS HRDLICKA 


55 


vations)  but  is  smaller  (by  about  2  points)  than  that  of  white  men  of 
the  same  body  height  as  these  Egyptians.  It  is  even  slightly  smaller 
(by  about  I  point)  than  the  average  in  the  American  Indian.1  The 
head  of  the  Kharga  native  is  therefore  both  absolutely  and  relatively 
rather  small. 

KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:    CEPHALIC  MODULE  IN  THE  SHORTEST,  MEDIUM 
AND  TALLEST  INDIVIDUALS 


Stature  below  158  cm. 

Stature  163.1-165  cm. 

Stature  above  170  cm. 

Per  millc  rela- 

Per mille  rela- 

Per mille  rela- 

Stature 

tion  of  cephalic 
module  to 

Stature 

tion  of  cephalic 
module  to 

Stature 

tion  of  cephalic 
module  to 

stature 

stature 

stature 

150.6 

IOI.8 

163.1 

Q2.8 

170.5 

91.9 

152.3 

IOI.I 

163.2 

97-6 

170.7 

92.4 

152.3 

99-9 

163.3 

98.3 

I7I.I 

91.6 

153-6 

97-2 

163.3 

95-3 

I7I.3 

94-5 

154-5 

96.2 

163.4 

97.0 

172.2 

98.0 

155-2 

101.6 

163.4 

06.2 

172.4 

87.8 

155-7 

100.3 

163.5 

91.4 

172.4 

g2.I 

155-7 

101.5 

163.6 

93-0 

172.5 

89.7 

155.7 

99.7 

163.7 

90.6 

172.7 

91-3 

155.9 
156.0 

97-5 
95-6 

164.0 
164.1 

94-1 
91.7 

172.7 
173.8 

p-4 

156.3 

96.4 

164.3 

92.4 

174.5 

£•! 

156.5 

99.2 

164.4 

93.6 

174.6 

87.6 

157-5 

92.9 

164.5 

91.2 

157-6 

97-1 

164.7 

93-6 

157.8 

93-8 

164.7 

95-5 

164.8 

94.6 

164.8 

94-5 

164.8 

95-7 

165.0 

95-6 

165.0 

95-0 

Averages  (16  individuals) 

(21  individuals) 

(13  individuals) 

155.2 

98.2 

164.1 

94.3 

172.4 

90.5 

The  second  table  shows  the  effects  of  stature  on  the  size  of  the 
head  among  the  Oasis  men  themselves.  These  effects  are  seen  to 
be  pronounced  and  quite  uniform ;  there  is,  of  course,  some  individ- 
ual variation,  but  it  is  small.  In  general  the  higher  the  stature,  the 


1  Six  groups  of  the  latter  show  the  following  conditions : 

Average  Average 

stature  cephalic  module 

1.  50  Otomi  men 159.3  15.5 

2.  50  Aztec  men   161.0  15.4 

3.  50  Tarasco  men  163.1 

4-  53  Cora  men  164.1  l[ 

5.  50  Apache  men 170.0 

6.  53  Pima  men 171.8  15.9 


(306)  Mean 164.9 


15-7 


Head-stature 
index 

97-3 

95-8 
95-0 
96.3 
94.0 
92.3 

95-1 


56  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

larger  is  the  head  absolutely,  but  the  smaller  relatively.  If  we  take 
the  mean  stature  and  mean  cephalic  module  as  basis  of  comparison, 
we  see  that  in  advancing  from  these  in  either  direction  the  changes 
in  stature  are  more  rapid  than  those  of  the  head.  As  a  result  of  this 
as  we  advance  with  stature  above  the  mean,  the  head-stature  index 
gradually  diminishes,  while  if  we  progress  below  the  mean  body 
height,  it  gradually  increases.  Thus,  as  already  stated,  the  shortest 
men  have  a  head  absolutely  smaller  but  relatively  to  stature  larger 
than  the  tallest. 

The  table  under  consideration  and  a  still  closer  analysis  of  the 
data  reveal  further  that  the  diminution  of  the  head-stature  index 
from  the  mean,  as  well  as  its  augmentation,  go  on  with  a  fair  regu- 
larity and  that  the  change  averages,  in  well  preserved  adults,  approxi- 
mately 0.45  mm.  (of  the  mean  head  diameter)  for  each  i.o  cm.  of 
the  stature.  This  0.45  may  well  be  regarded  as  the  mean,  stable, 
differential  quotient  between  a  regular  theoretical  and  the  actual 
increase  of  head  size  in  proportion  to  stature. 

The  main  conditions  dealt  with  in  the  preceding  paragraphs  are,  so 
far  as  the  writer  can  ascertain,  not  peculiar  to  the  Kharga  natives.  A 
similar  variation  of  the  head-stature  index,  and  a  similar  value  of 
the  head-stature  differential  quotient,  occur  in  the  Indians  and  also 
in  whites. 

Regrettably,  there  are  no  means  of  direct  comparison  in  this 
respect  of  the  Kharga  natives  with  the  Valley  Egyptians.  Chantre's 
data  are  not  detailed  enough,  besides  which  his  head  height  is 
generally  so  low  that  it  must  have  been  measured  by  a  method  unlike 
that  of  the  writer  and  can  not  be  utilized  for  the  determination  of 
the  cephalic  module  comparable  with  that  used  in  this  paper.  Myers' 
data  on  the  Egyptian  soldiers,  on  the  other  hand,  apply,  as  already 
mentioned,  to  men  selected  for  their  stature ;  moreover,  Myers  has 
measured  the  height  of  the  head  from  the  bi-meatus  line  to  maxi- 
mum elevation  of  the  vault  measurement,  which  on  the  average  is 
about  ii  mm.  in  excess  of  the  bi-meatus-bregma  height  measured  by 
the  writer.  Nevertheless  it  is  possible  to  make  some  indirect  colla- 
tion between  the  two  series  of  subjects,  resulting  as  follows : 

Height  of 
head  (bi- 

Length  of        Breadth  of      meatus  line  Cephalic 

head  head  to  bregma)  module 

Egyptian  soldiers  from  the 
Valley  (Myers)  of  average 
stature  above  I7ocm 19.5  14.4  about  13.5  .about  15.8 

Male  Egyptians  from  the 
Kharga  Oasis  (H.)  of  aver- 
age stature  above  170 cm....  19.0  14.4  13.36  15-6 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


57 


The  above  determinations,  however  imperfect,  seem  to  indicate 
that  the  head  of  the  Kharga  native  is  even  slightly  smaller  than  that 
of  the  Valley  Egyptian ;  the  differences  in  this  regard  between  the 
Oasis  and  Valley  Egyptians  are,  however,  as  also  indicated  by 
Chantre's  data,  not  very  material. 

Another  point  especially  inquired  into  in  connection  with  the 
cephalic  module  was  its  relation  to  the  form  of  the  head,  as  expressed 
by  cephalic  index.  The  interesting  results  are  given  below.  They 
show  that  in  this  particular  ethnic  group  there  is,  on  the  average,  a 
perceptible  difference  in  the  size  of  the  head  between  those  of  the 
lowest  and  those  of  the  highest  cephalic  index  and  that  the  difference 
is  in  favor  of  the  latter.  This  agrees  well  with  what  was  indicated  by 
some  of  the  foregoing  observations  brought  out  in  this  paper. 


KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:  RELATION  OF  SIZE  OF  HEAD,  AS  EXPRESSED  BY  THE 

MEAN  CEPHALIC  DIAMETER,  OR  MODULE,  TO  THE  FORM  OF 

HEAD  AS  SHOWN  BY  THE  CEPHALIC  INDEX 

Head  Forms  Corresponding  to  Smallest  and  Largest  Sizes  of  Head 


20  lowest  modules:  15.0  cm.  and  below 

17  highest  modules:  15.8  cm.  and  above 

Cephalic  module 

Corresponding  cephalic 
index 

Cephalic  module 

Corresponding  cephalic 
index 

cm. 

cm. 

14-43 

70.  3 

16.18 

72.9 

14.63 

73-4 

16.13 

73-5 

14.78 

78.0 

16.13 

71.6 

14.80 

78.6 

16.10 

72.7 

14.82 

"  72.4 

16.05 

73-0 

14.82 

71.7 

15-97 

72.5 

14.83 

77-8 

15.93 

75.4 

14.87 

79-6 

15.93 

73.7 

14.87 

73-5 

15-88 

7L4 

14.92 

69.1 

15-87 

78.9 

14-93 

75-i 

15-87 

80.0 

14-93 

76.4 

15.85 

71.6 

14-93 

75-4 

15.85 

80.9 

14.95 

68.2 

15.82 

75.8 

14.95 

73-i 

15-80 

75.6 

14-97 

75-0 

15-80 

79.8 

14.98 

7i-3 

15-80 

77-i 

15 

75-8 

15 

72.0 

15 

70.7 

Averages: 


14.87 
(14.43-15.0) 

73.9 
(68.2-79.6) 

15.94 
(15.80-16.18) 

75.1 

(71.4-80.9) 

SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:     RELATION  OF  SIZE  OF  HEAD,  AS  EXPRESSED  BY  THE 

MEAN  CEPHALIC  DIAMETER,  OR  MODULE,  TO  THE   FORM   OF 

HEAD  AS  SHOWN  BY  THE  CEPHALIC  INDEX 

Sizes  of  Head  Corresponding  to  Most  Oblong  and  to  Most  Rounded  Head 

Shapes 


22  lowest  cephalic  indices:  below  72.0 


19  highest  cephalic  indices:  above  78.0 


Cephalic  index 

Corresponding  cephalic 
module 

Cephalic  index 

Corresponding  cephalic 
module 

cm. 

cm. 

68.2 

14-95 

78.1 

15.32 

69.I 

14.92 

78.4 

15.47 

69.6 

15.15 

78.5 

15.40 

70.2 

15.23 

78.6 

14.80 

70.3 

14-43 

78.8 

15.48 

70.7 

15-02 

78.9 

15.87 

70.7 

15.77 

78.9 

15.03 

70.9 

15.52 

79  -f 

15.20 

70.9 

15.08 

79-4 

15.77 

71.2 

15.25 

79-4 

15.22 

71-3 

14.98 

79-5 

14.87 

71-3 

15.53 

79-5 

15.32 

7i-4 

15.88 

79-7 

15.42 

71.6 

15.13 

79.8 

15.48 

71.6 

15.13 

79-8 

15.80 

71.6 

I6.I3 

80.0 

15.87 

71.6 

15.85 

80.  i 

15.77 

71.6 

15-22 

80.7 

15.25 

71.6 

15.70 

80.9 

15.85 

71.7 

14.82 

71.8 

15.23 

71.8 

15.60 

Averages: 


70.9 

(68.2-71.8) 

15-30 
(14.82-16.13) 

79-4 
(78.1-80.9) 

15.43 
(14.80-15.87) 

THE  FACE 
Chin-Hair  Line  Height 

The  total  height  of  the  face  in  the  Kharga  men  averages  17.6  cm., 
which,  compared  with  the  same  dimensions  in  other  races,  is  rather 
low.1  The  range  of  variation  is  quite  large ;  this  is  due  partly  to  the 
inclusion  in  the  measurement  of  the  forehead,  which  varies  inde- 
pendently of  the  face  proper.  The  variation  amounts  to  51  mm.,  or 
±  0.145  per  cm.  of  the  average,  which  is  more  than  shown  by  any  of 
the  principal  head  measurements.  The  curve  of  distribution  (fig. 
6)  even  when  condensed,  is  not  entirely  uniform. 


1  Compare  for  this  and  other  face  measurements  especially  Weisbach,  A., 
Korpermessungen  verschiedenen  Menschenrassen,  Supplement  z.  Zeitchr.  f. 
Ethnologic,  Vol.  9,  1877;  8°  Berlin  1878;  Pfitzner,  W. :  Social-anthropolo- 
gische  Studien  Zeitschr.  f.  Morphol.  und  Anthrop.,  Vol.  I,  1899,  and  Vol. 
3,  1901;  and  Myers,  Chas.  S.,  Contribution  to  Egyptian  Anthropology,  Jour. 
Anthr.  Inst.,  Vol.  38,  1008,  (detailed  measurements  only). 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS — HRDLICKA 


59 


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£    rt 

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6o 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    5Q 


KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:    HEIGHT  OF  FACE,  CHIN  TO  HAIR  LINE 

Number  of  observations:  I23.1 

Average:   17.6  cm.2 

Median:  /7.6cm.    Mode:  17.8  (17.6-18}  cm. 

Minimum  :   14.6  cm.     Maximum  19.7  cm. 

Table  of  frequencies : 


vo 

10 

10 

U"> 

m 

»o  . 

10   . 

vO     . 

VO     . 

t^  . 

tx    . 

oo 

00     . 

ON     . 

ON    . 

0     . 

\o  u 

:§ 

vO   0 

7  £ 

HH     O 

T  £ 

vo   0 

T  £ 

M     U 

^o  u 

r  £ 

HH     O 

T  E 

VO    0 

r  £ 

Ja 

\O  o 

TT 

in 

to 

VO 

vo 

tX 

tx 

00 

00 

O\ 

ON 

Number  of  cases. 
Per  cent  

I 

o  8 

I 
o  8 

2 
T    6 

8 

6  5 

22 
17.  Q 

21 
I7.I 

32 

20.  0 

24 

10.  5 

6 

4.9 

5 
4.  I 

n  8 

1  In  26  individuals  of  the  series  of  150  there  was  more  or  less  pronounced 
frontal  loss  of  hair  and  in  one  another  defect  prevented  the  measurement. 

*  Probable  error  =  0.035  ;  standard  deviation,  <r,  =  0.6366,  ±  0.025  ;  coef- 
ficient of  variability,  C,  =5.634,  ±0.219. 

The  Forehead 

The  height  of  the  forehead  from  nasion  to  the  hair  line  1  averages 
6.2  cm.,  which  is  noticeably  less  than  in  most  groups  of  male  whites 
and  also  other  races,  exclusive  of  the  Indian  and  most  of  the  Negro. 
The  range  of  variation  is  very  large,  amounting  to  3.5  cm.,  or 
T  0.282  for  each  unit  of  the  average ;  but  the  mass  of  the  cases  is 
comprised  within  the  limits  of  from  5.6  to  7.0  cm.  (fig.  7). 

KHABGA  OASIS,   MEN:     HEIGHT  OF  FOREHEAD1 

Number  of  observations:  I24.2 

Average:  6.2  cm.3 

Median:  6.3 cm.    Mode:  6..? cm. 

Minimum  :  4.1  cm.    Maximum  :  7.6  cm. 

Table  of  frequencies : 


£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

£ 

0 

0 

0 

B 

0 

0 

CJ 

o 

B 

o 

o 

e»j 

vo 

ON 

0 

10 

00 

M 

•^ 

fs 

0 

CO 

VO 

_ 

T 

I 

J 

to 

T 

PO 

to 

t 

1 

£ 

at 

tx 

1 

t^ 

"i- 

Tj- 

4 

10 

10 

10 

10 

vo 

VO 

VO 

tx 

*^ 

Number  of  cases  

i 

I 

2 

4 

< 

16 

20 

29 

24 

18 

2 

3 

Percent  

0.8 

0.8 

1.6 

A 

A 

7^.9 

J6.J 

23.4 

79.J 

1  From    point    corresponding    to    nasion    in    the    skull,    to    the    hair    line. 

2  In  26  of  the  150  individuals  examined  there  existed  more  or  less  pro- 
nounced  frontal  baldness,  which  made  the  measurement  of  height  of  the 
forehead  uncertain. 

'Probable  error  =  ±  0.036 ;  standard  deviation,  <r,  =0.5983,  ±0.026;  co- 
efficient of  variability,  C,  =  9.650,  ±  0.413. 

1  Where  the  hair  extended  downward  in  a  V-shaped  manner  in  the  median 
line,  the  measurement  was  taken  to  the  middle  of  a  curved  line,  moderately 
convex  downward,  connecting  the  lateral  parts  of  the  hair  boundary;  but 
such  cases  were  rare. 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 

Cm.  4.5 5.-  5.5  6.-  6.5  7r 


61 


7.5 


FIG.  7. — Curves   showing  the   distribution  of  the  height  of  the  forehead 
(nasion-hair  line)  measurement,  among  124  Kharga  men  free  from  calvitia. 

Chin-Nasion  Height 

The  distance  from  the  lowest  point  of  the  chin  in  median  line  to 
a  point  corresponding  to  the  middle  of  the  fronto-nasal  articulation,1 
gives  the  height  of  the  facial  parts  proper,  speaking  anatomically. 

Due  to  this  fact  the  measurement  is  more  suitable  for  the  study 
of  the  relations  that  exist  between  the  development  of  the  face  and 
that  of  the  vault  of  the  skull  than  the  total  or  physiognomic  facial 
height,  which  includes  the  forehead  and  is  affected  by  the  variation 
of  the  latter,  representing  to  an  important  extent  external  conditions 
of  a  portion  of  the  vault. 

The  dimension  (as  also  the  total  facial  height)  increases  to  some 
extent  with  age ;  but  in  old  people  it  is  frequently  found  to  be  more 
or  less  reduced,  due  to  the  wear  or  loss  of  the  teeth  and  absorp- 
tion of  the  alveolar  processes.  In  the  Kharga  series  no  individual 
presented  such  conditions  in  a  marked  degree  and  no  decided  effects 
of  age  on  the  measurement,  as  will  be  seen  later  on,  are  perceptible. 

1  The  point  on  the  skin  corresponding  to  nasion  on  the  skull  can  in  many 
cases  be  determined  accurately  by  feeling,  in  others  it  must  be  estimated  on 
the  basis  of  the  knowledge  regarding  the  usual  situation  of  the  point  in  th$ 
cranium.  It  is  generally  somewhat  above  the  middle  of  the  intercanthic  line. 


62 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


Such  defects,  therefore,  have  not  influenced  materially  the  average  of 
the  series,  and  this  may  safely  be  used  for  comparisons. 

The  average  of  the  chin-nasion  height  in  the  Kharga  men  is  11.35 
cm. ;  19  Jews  measured  by  Weisbach  (1.  c.)  gave  the  mean  of  12.6,  26 
Roumanians  11.7,  25  northern  Slavs  n.6  and  20  Magyars  n.i  cm., 
while  a  large  series  of  Alsatians  and  Germans  gave  Pfitzner  (1.  c.)  the 
mean  of  approximately  12.5  cm.  No  data,  regrettably,  on  the  Valley 
Egyptians  are  available  for  comparison,  Chantre  having  measured 
the  face  height  from  chin  to  ophryon  and  Myers  that  from  upper 
alveolar  point  to  nasion.  The  range  of  variation  of  the  measurement 
in  the  Kharga  men,  though  less  than  that  of  the  chin-hair  line  facial 
height,  is  still  relatively  large;  it  extends  over  43  mm.,  which 
amounts  to  ±  0.189  Per  umt  of  the  average;  but  85.4  per  cent  of  the 
cases  are  within  the  limits  of  10.5-12  cm.  The  detailed  distribution 
of  the  cases  shows  two  well  separated  modes,  which  condition  in  the 
somewhat  condensed  curve  (fig.  8)  manifests  itself  in  a  distinct 
shouldering,  quite  like  that  which  appears  in  the  curve  of  distribu- 
tion of  the  physiognomic  facial  height  (fig.  6). 

KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:     HEIGHT  OF  FACE,  CHIN  TO  A  POINT 
CORRESPONDING  TO  NASION 

Number  of  observations :   150. 

Average:  11.35 cm.1     (ist  50:  11.5;  2d  50:  11.25;  3d  50:  11.3  em.). 

Median  :  11.4  cm.     Modes  :  10.9  and  n.6  cm. 

Minimum :  9.6  cm.    Maximum :  15.9  cm. 

Table  of  frequencies : 


E 

00  . 

£§ 

2e 
<?° 

6  . 

7E 

w    O 

6 

d    . 

Al 

o' 

vo 

6   . 

££ 

0 

00 

o"    . 

II 

O 

ON  0 

d 

7  E 

i-i  (J 

HH 

ro  CJ 

Number  of  cases..  .. 
Per  cent. 

i 

0  7 

0  7 

2, 

1  3 

i 

0   7 

I 

0  7 

ii 

7  J 

18 
12  0 

19 
12  7 

13 

^  7 

14 

9  3 

VO 

00 

N 

•* 

0 

00 

_'     . 

_' 

<N    . 

0)     . 

N     . 

04      . 

M     . 

<*5     . 

E 

7  E 

IT)  O 

1% 

U 

2g 

7  £ 

CO  0 

7  £ 

10  U 

tx  u 

Ov  0 

o 

ON 

H 

~ 

I-I 

0* 

<N 

04 

N 

CVJ 

ro 

Number  of  cases  

25 

15 

J-l 

7 

•} 

2 

2 

I 

I 

Per  cent  

16.7 

10.0 

8.7 

4   7 

2  0 

1  3 

1  3 

0  7 

0  7 

1  Probable  error  =  ±  0.035  >   standard  deviation,  <r,   ±  0.6366,   ±  0.025  ;   co- 
efficient of  variability,  C,  =  5.634,  it  0.219. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA   OASIS HRDLICKA 


4-1 

3 
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rt 

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bo 

C 
O 

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<—  N 
§ 

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S 

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bo 

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A 

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5 

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s 

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^ 

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T- 

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1  —  . 

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Sii. 

—  . 

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64  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

The  height  of  the  face  is  believed  to  be  to  some  extent  directly 
related  to  the  length  of  the  head,  and,  as  shown  in  the  following 
table,  the  condition  holds  good  in  general  for  the  Kharga  natives ; 
the  average  length  of  the  head  in  the  17  men  with  the  shortest  faces 
is,  in  absolute  figures,  decidedly  lower  than  that  in  the  16  men  with 
the  highest  faces.  But  the  height  of  the  face  and  length  of  the  head 
do  not  retain  the  same  relations  from  the  minimum  to  the  maximum 
grades  of  the  dimensions.  The  average  height  of  the  face  amounts 
to  60. 1  per  cent  of  .the  average  length  of  the  head;  but  the  average 
of  the  series  of  17  shortest  faces  stands  only  in  the  proportion  of 
55.1  to  ico  to  the  head  length  of  the  same  individuals,  while  in  the 
1 6  men  with  the  longest  faces  the  proportion  rises  to  65.3  per  cent. 
Or,  if  we  express  the  relation  in  another  way,  the  length  of  the  head 
is  to  the  height  of  the  face  in  those  with  average  height  of  the  latter 
as  166.5,  m  those  with  the  absolutely  lowest  faces  as  181.5,  and  in 
those  of  absolutely  highest  faces  as  153.2  to  ico.  The  height  of  the 
face  therefore  does  not  preserve  throughout  the  series  equal  pro- 
portions with  the  length  of  the  head,  but  augments  at  a  more  rapid 
rate.  The  causes  of  this  phenomenon,  which  will  probably  be  found 
in  all  ethnic  groups,  offer  a  field  for  further  investigation. 

The  height  of  the  head  averages  exactly  as  much  in  the  Kharga 
men  with  the  lowest  as  in  those  with  the  highest  faces,  and  there- 
fore these  two  dimensions  in  this  particular  ethnic  group  influence 
each  other,  if  at  all,  only  immaterially. 

The  relation  of  face  height  to  head  form  is  disappointingly  small ; 
it  is  such  that  the  average  of  the  series  of  lowest  faces  corresponds 
to  a  slightly  higher  (by  1.2  points)  average  cephalic  index  than  that 
of  the  highest  faces ;  but  in  the  individual  cases  there  are  many 
irregularities.  These  data,  and  those  spoken  of  in  the  preceding 
paragraph,  show  that  in  the  Kharga  Egyptians  a  correlation  exists 
in  a  plainly  evident  form  only  between  the  height  of  the  face  and  the 
length  of  the  head — which  agrees  with  other  observations  on  the  sub- 
ject; and  that  no  regular  correlation  appears  between  the  facial 
height  and  the  head  height  or  head  breadth. 

The  height  of  the  face  shows  apparently  also,  it  is  seen  in  the 
next  table,  a  certain  relation  with  the  stature.  The  series  of 
individuals  with  the  lowest  faces  is  marked  by  a  very  perceptibly 
lower  average  stature  than  that  of  the  highest  faces.  A  high  stat- 
ure, therefore,  carries  with  it,  in  general,  a  higher  face.  It  how- 
ever also  carries  with  it,  as  seen  in  previous  sections,  a  longer  or 
rather  larger  head,  and  it  is  the  latter  with  which  the  facial  height  is, 


NO.    I 


NATIVES   OF   KHARGA   OASIS — HRDLICKA 


KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:    RELATION  OF  HEIGHT  OF  FACE    (CHIN-NASION) ,  AND 

OF  HEIGHT  OF  FOREHEAD,  TO  STATURE,  HEAD  LENGTH, 

HEAD  FORM  AND  AGE 

17  Shortest  Faces  of  the  Series 


Height  efface 
chin  to  nasion 
point 

Height  of  fore- 
head: nasion 
point  to  hair- 
line 

Stature 

Length  of 
the  head 

Height  of 
the  head 

Cephalic 

index 

Approximate 
age  of  sub- 
ject 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

Years 

9.6 

5.8 

163.7 

18.0 

12.5 

77-8 

38 

9-8 

6.0 

165.2 

19.2 

13.0 

77.1 

45 

9.9 

6.4 

156.3 

18.2 

13.0 

76.9 

40 

10.  0 

7.2 

163.0 

19.0 

13.4 

80.0 

45 

10.  1 

S-o 

157.5 

ll'7 

13.2 

73*4 

25 

10.4 

6.9 

159.7 

18.4 

12.7 

75-0 

24 

10.5 

6.7 

152.3 

18.0 

13.3 

79-4 

50 

10.5 

4.1 

169.4 

18.5 

12.6 

72.4 

50 

10.5 

6.1 

158.8 

18.4 

12.8 

76.1 

21 

10.  5 

5-6 

161.9 

18.9 

12.9 

75-7 

55 

10.5 

? 

165.9 

18.5 

13.4 

78.4 

40 

10.6 

6.2 

166.2 

19.2 

13.2 

72.9 

28 

10.6 

5-9 

164.7 

19.6 

13.3 

72.4 

32 

10.6 

6.3 

167.3 

19.1 

13.2 

70.2 

50 

10.6 

? 

167.5 

19.0 

13.6 

78.9 

45 

10.6 

6.2 

l6l.5 

19.0 

12.7 

74.2 

30 

10.6 

6.0 

167.5 

18.6 

13.4 

75-3 

55 

Averages  (16  individuals): 


10.5 

(9.6-10.6) 

6.0 
(4.1-7-2) 

162.8 

(152.3- 
169.4) 

18.7 

(17-7- 
19.6) 

13-1 
(I2-5~ 
13-6) 

75*7 
(70.2- 
80.0) 

39-6 
(21-55) 

16  Longest  Faces  of  the  Series 


Height  of  face 
chin  to  nasion 
point 

Height  of  fore- 
head: nasion 
point  to  hair- 
line 

Stature 

Length  of 
the  head 

Height  of 
the  head 

Cephalic 
index 

Approximate 
age  of  sub- 
ject 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

Years 

12.  1 

6.4 

163.1 

19.0 

12.8 

71.6 

26 

12.  1 

6.2 

160.7 

18.8 

12.7 

7i-3 

55 

12.  1 

6.2 

168.9 

19.0 

13.0 

74-7 

32 

12.  1 

? 

170.5 

19.2 

13.1 

76.6 

45 

12.  1 

7-4 

172.7 

18.9 

13.4 

79-4 

50 

12.2 

? 

165.0 

19.7 

13.3 

75-0 

55 

12.2 

6.0 

164.5 

18.6 

12.3 

75'& 

52 

12.3 

5.6 

172.4 

18.6 

12.8 

75-3 

32 

12.4 

? 

163.2 

19.5 

13.4 

75-4 

55 

12.4 

5-8 

168.3 

18.7 

12.9 

72.7 

50 

12.5 

5-3 

159.6 

19.1 

13.8 

74-3 

28 

12.6 

6-7 

166.1 

20.0 

13.4 

72.5 

28 

12.7 

6.8 

161.7 

18.8 

13.3 

76.1 

40 

12.7 

7.0 

•    169.4 

20.0 

13.7 

73-5 

30 

12.9 

? 

166.1 

19.2 

12.8 

73-4 

45 

13.9 

p 

165.6 

19-3 

13.2 

74-6 

45 

Averages  (16  individuals): 


12.5 

6.3 

166.1 

19.15 

I3.i 

74-5 

4L7 

(12.1-13.9) 

(5.3-7.4) 

(I59-6- 

(18.6- 

(12.3- 

(71-3- 

(26-55) 

172.7) 

20.0) 

13-8)            79-4) 

66 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


in  the  main,  directly  correlated.  The  correlation  of  the  dimensions  of 
the  facial  parts  with  stature  is  wholly  indirect,  and  it  is  scarcely 
suitable  or  useful  to  compare  the  two  measurements.  The  lack  of 
direct  connection  between  the  facial  height  and  stature  is  illustrated 
by  the  fact  that  in  the  series  under  consideration  the  percental  ratio 
of  the  average  stature  to  the  average  facial  height  amounts  in  those  of 
shortest  faces  to  1581,  while  in  those  with  the  longest  faces  it  is  only 
1329. 

No  definite  correlation  appears,  further,  between  the  height  of  the 
face  and  that  of  the  forehead. 

Breadth  of  the  Face 

(Diameter  bizygomatic  maximum.) 

The  greatest  or  bizygomatic  breadth  of  the  Kharga  men  shows 
the  very  moderate  average  of  13.15  cm.,  and  the  rather  small  range 
of  variation  of  22  mm.,  or  db  0.083  Per  umt  °f  tne  average.  It  is 
considerably  less  variable  than  the  chin-nasion  height  of  the  face 
(±0.189  Per  umt  °f  tne  mean)  (fig.  9). 


KHARGA   OASIS,   MEN:     BREADTH  OF  FACE    (DIAMETER 
BIZYGOMATIC  MAXIMUM) 

Number  of  observations  :  150. 
Average:  13.15  cm.1     (ist  50:  13.18;  2d  50:  13.16;  3d  50:  13.  12  cm.) 

Median  13.2  cm.    Mode  13.4  cm. 

Minimum  11.8  cm.    Maximum  14.0  cm. 

Table  of  frequencies  : 


o 

n 

N*    . 

10 

oi    . 

t>s 

o\ 

fO 

IO 

t^ 

Ov 

7  £- 

00   CJ 

~i  E 

HH     0 

se 

il 

vo  cj 

<£§ 

^e 

7  ° 

11 

11 

V  E 

vo  w 

^1 

£ 

0 

n 

N 

N 

M 

N 

01 

C<5 

ro 

CO 

ro 

f) 

Tf 

Number  of  cases  

I 

3 

8 

12 

23 

24 

24 

27 

16 

10 

2 

Percent  

0.7 

2.0 

5.3 

8.0 

15.  3 

16.  0 

16.0 

18.0 

10.7 

6.7 

1.3 

1  Probable   error  =  ±  0.023 ;    standard   deviation,    <r,  =0.425,    ±0.017;    co- 
efficient of  variability,  C,  =  3.23,  ±  0.13. 

In  general,  in  common  with  other  facial  breadths,  the  bizygomatic 
diameter  possesses  a  high  degree  of  correlation  with  the  breadth  of 
the  head ;  and  the  same  fact  is  observed  in  the  Kharga  Egyptians. 
As  seen  in  the  next  table,  the  average  breadth  of  head  correspond- 
ing to  the  narrowest  faces  is  decidedly  lower  than  that  correspond- 
ing to  those  of  greatest  breadth. 

The  proportional  relation  of  the  two  dimensions  follows  what  was 
observed  in  the  case  of  the  height  of  the  face  and  length  of  the  head 
— the  face  measurement  augments  at  a  more  rapid  rate.  The  ratio 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA   OASIS HRDLICKA 


between  the  facial  and  the  head  breadth,  taking  the  latter  as  100, 
is  in  those  of  the  narrowest  faces  91,  in  the  broadest  95.5. 

The  broader  faces  correspond  also,  on  the  average,  to  a  percep- 
tibly higher  cephalic  index,  but,  again,  as  in  the  case  of  the  facial 
height,  the  correlation  between  the  face  dimension  and  the  head 
form  is  in  the  mean  far  less  and  offers  much  more  individual 

Cm,  12  12.5  13  13.5  14 


PERCENT. 
OF  CASES 


—  25 


20 


15 


10 


\ 


FIG.  9. — Curve  showing  the  distribution  of  the  diameter  bizygomatic  maxi- 
mum in  150  adult  men  of  the  Kharga  Oasis. 

irregularity  than  that  between  the  former  and  the  corresponding 
diameter  of  the  head.  The  whole  can  be  reduced  to  the  statement 
that  face  height  stands,  to  a  certain  degree,  in  correlation  with  the 
head  length  and  the  face  breadth  with  the  head  breadth ;  the  correla- 
tion between  the  face  measurements  and  head  form  are  indirect  and 
seemingly  only  proportionate  to  the  liability  of  the  corresponding 
head  length  or  breadth  to  be  accompanied  with  a  definite  head  shape. 


68 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


The  relation  between  the  breadth  of  the  face  and  the  size  of  the 
head  is  such,  that  in  general  larger  heads  will  show  larger  and  hence 
also  absolutely  broader  faces  than  small  ones.  But,  as  the  ratio  of 
the  cephalic  module  to  the  face  breadth  indicates,  being  in  the  nar- 
rowest faces  as  121.5  and  in  the  broadest  as  only  112.8  to  100,  the 
face  augments  at  a  greater  rate  than  the  size  of  the  head..  The  same 
condition  of  more  rapid  facial  growth  was  shown  above  in  relation 
to  the  separate  head  diameters.  And  as  what  is  true  in  this  respect  of 
the  breadth  is  also  true  of  the  height  of  the  face,  it  may  be  concluded 
that,  while  in  the  main  correlated  in  growth  with  the  length  and 
breadth  of  the  head,  yet  large  faces  show  also  a  degree  of  develop- 
ment independent  of  these  factors.  The  causes  of  such  growth  are 
probably  partly  of  hereditary  and  partly  of  acquired,  especially  func- 
tional nature  (connected  with  the  use  and  development  of  the  muscles 
of  mastication). 

KHABOA  OASIS,  MEN:    BREADTH  OF  FACE  IN  RELATION  TO  BREADTH, 
FORM,  AND  SIZE  OF  HEAD 


33  narrowest  faces  (12.6  cm.  and  below) 

1  8  broadest  faces  (13.7  cm.  and  above) 

Diameter 
bizygomatic 
maximum 

Breadth 
of  head 

Cephalic 
index 

Cephalic 
module 

Diameter 
bizygomatic 
maximum 

Breadth 
of  head 

Cephalic 
index 

Cephalic 
module 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

11.  8 

14.0 

78.  6 

14.80 

13-7 

14.2 

74-7 

15-68 

12.0 

13-2 

70.7 

15.02 

13-7 

I4.I 

75-8 

15.00 

12.  1 
12.  1 

12.4 

13.0 
12.8 
I4.I 

73-4 
70.3 
75-8 

14.63 
14-43 
I5.I8 

13-7 
13.7 
13-7 

14.9 
I4.6 
I4.8 

80.  i 
75.6 
77-1 

15.77 
15.80 
15.80 

12.5 

13-4 

70.9 

15.08 

13-7 

15-0 

77-3 

15-77 

12.5 

13-9 

72.8 

15.27 

13-8 

14.2 

75-1 

15-45 

12.5 

13-6 

73  -i 

14-95 

13-8 

15.2 

80.0 

15-87 

12.5 

13-6 

71.6 

15.22 

13.8 

13-4 

7i-3 

14.98 

12.5 

14-2 

75-5 

15-20 

13-8 

14.2 

77-6 

15.32 

12.5 

13-6 

72.0 

I5.I8 

13.8 

14-4 

71.6 

15-85 

12.5 

I4.2 

75-5 

15.33 

13.8 

14.4 

77-4 

15-27 

12.6 

14.8 

77-i 

15.67 

13.8 

14.8 

77.1 

15.78 

12.6 

13.8 

73-0 

15.25 

13.9 

I4.I 

73-4 

15.37 

12.6 

I4.O 

76.1 

15.07 

13-9 

14.4 

75-o 

15-77 

12.6 

-     13-8 

75-0 

15-22 

13-9 

14.3 

76.1 

15.52 

12.6 

13-4 

70.2 

15.23 

14.0 

14.6 

76.4 

15-67 

12.6 

13-5 

71.8 

15.23 

14.0 

14.4 

74-6 

15-62 

12.6 

I3-I 

68.2 

14-95 

12.6 

13-6 

75-3 

15-33 

12.6 

14.0 

76.9 

15.07 

12.6 

13-6 

» 

71.2 

15.25 

Averages : 


12.45 

13.7 

73.4 

15.12 

13.8 

14.45 

75.9 

15.57 

(II.  8- 

(12.8- 

(68.2- 

(I4.43- 

(13.7- 

(I3-4- 

(7i.6- 

(14-98- 

12.6) 

14.8) 

78.6) 

15.67) 

14.0) 

15.2)            80.  l) 

15.87) 

NO.    I 


NATIVES   OF   KHARGA   OASIS — HRDLICKA 


69 


Facial  Form 

The  Physiognomic  Facial  Index  (diameter  bizygomatic  max.  X  ioo\ 

\  chin— hair  line  height  / 

The  total  physiognomic  facial  index  averages  in  the  Kharga  men 
74.7,  showing  a  tendency  to  leptoprosopy,  which  will  be  even  more 
clearly  apparent  in  the  anatomical  index.  The  range  of  variation  is 
not  excessive,  extending  over  16.3  points,  or  ±  0.109  per  point  of 
the  average.  The  distribution  of  the  index  presents  two  distinct 
modes  (fig.  10). 

KHARGA   OASIS,    MEN:      FACIAL   INDEX,    PHYSIOGNOMIC 

Number  of  individuals  :  121. 

Average:  74.7. 

Median:  74.2.     Modes:  73.3;  77.5. 

Minimum  68.1.     Maximum  84.4. 

Table  of  frequencies: 


f 

R 

t^ 

R 

$ 

f 

I 

£ 

^ 

s 

i 

R 

tx 

ii 

S 

± 

8 

fc 

Number  of  cases. 
Per  cent 

5 
4  1 

5 
4  1 

5  8 

6 
5  0 

16 
13  2 

20 
16  5 

II 
9  1 

10 

8  3 

7 
5  8 

V 

tN. 
t^ 

f 

H 
<& 

\ 

R 

1 

& 

! 

00 

f 
a 

1 

8 

°? 

a 

Number  of  cases  

14 

6 

7 

2 

I 

2 

I 

i 

Percent  

11.6 

5  0 

5.8 

1   6 

0.8 

1.6 

0.8 

^.^ 

T,,  .    .  T,    .  .  T    .       /chin-nasion  point  height  X  100  \ 

The  Anatomical  Facial  Index     T. —  — r-^- 

\diameter  bizygomatic  maximum/ 

The  anatomic,  or  facial  index  proper,  averages  86.3,  which  ap- 
proaches the  boundary  between  meso-  and  leptoprosopy.1  Its  range 
of  variation  is  unexpectedly  larger  than  that  of  the  physiognomic 
index,  extending  over  30.7  points,  or  ±0.178  per  unit  of  average, 
but  the  distribution  of  the  index  shows  that  93.3  per  cent  of  the 
cases  are  concentrated  between  the  boundaries  of  78  and  94.  Only 
two  individuals  occur  with  chamseprosopy ;  in  119  the  face  is  meso- 
prosopic  and  in  29  leptoprosopic  (fig.  10). 


1  Chamaeprosopic,  below  74.9;  mesoprosopic,  75-89.9;  leptoprosopic  90  and 
above. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:      FACIAL  INDEX,  ANATOMIC 

Number  of  observations :  150. 

Average:  86. j.1  (ist  50:  87.2;  2d  50:  85.5;  3d  50:  86.1.) 

Median:  86.5.    Mode:  8?  (86-87.9). 

Minimum  :  72.5.  Maximum :  103.2. 

Table  of  frequencies : 


1 

ON 

ON 

ON 

ON 

ON 

ON 

.2  ^ 

tx 

£ 

00 

00 

oo5 

00 

M^ 

ft 

£ 

& 

I 

00 

<* 

Number  of  cases    

2 

2. 

ii 

g 

24 

26 

Per  cent  

1  3 

1  3 

7.3 

6  0 

16.0 

15.3 

17.3 

ON 

ON 

ON 

ON 

ON 

ON 

•0   w 

| 

i 

i 

!? 

i 

| 

§,O 
s 

«5 

ON 

ON 

0\ 

ON 

ON 

Number  of  cases  

24 

12 

II 

2 

2 

I 

I 

Per  cent 

16  8 

5  0 

7  J 

7   J 

7  J 

0  7 

(7  7 

Probable  error  =  0.260;  standard  deviation,  <r,  =4.724,  ±0.184;  coeffi- 
cient of  variability,  C,  =  5.48,  it  0.213. 

The  relation  of  the  facial  form  with  the  head  form  is  shown  in 
the  next  table.  The  average  lowest  facial  indices,  in  other  words 
the  least  oblong  faces,  correspond  to  a  somewhat  higher  cephalic 
index,  that  is  to  somewhat  more  rounded  heads,  than  the  average  of 
the  highest  indices  or  most  oblong  faces  ;  and  the  same  result  appears 
when  the  lowest  and  highest  cephalic  indices  are  taken  as  the  base 
of  the  comparison.  The  correspondence  of  the  facial  and  head  form 
is  seen  to  be  quite  limited,  which  is  rather  surprising,  for  it  was 
shown  before  that  there  exists  a  considerable  direct  correlation  be- 
tween, on  one  side,  the  facial  height  and  the  head  length,  and  on  the 
other  between  the  facial  and  head  breadth.  And  the  weakness  of 
reciprocal  relations  between  the  two  indices  is  made  still  more  evi- 
dent by  the  many  individual  exceptions  to  their  correspondence.  A 
partial  explanation  at  least  of  these  facts  appears  to  be  possible  by 
the  assumption,  justifiable  by  the  conditions  shown  by  the  individual 
measurements,  that  the  face  dimensions  vary  to  some  extent  inde- 
pendently of  those  of  the  head,  and  that  this  form  of  variation  dis- 
turbs or  obscures  more  or  less  the  otherwise  well  established  cor- 
relation of  the  parts. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES   OF   KHARGA   OASIS — HRDLICKA 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


KHARGA   OASIS,    MEN:     RELATION   OF   FACIAL    (ANATOMIC)    WITH 
CEPHALIC  INDEX 

Head  Forms  Corresponding  to  Most  Oblong  and  to  Least  Oblong  Faces 


19  lowest  facial  indices:  81.0  and  below 


20  highest  facial  indices:  91.0  and  above 


Facial  index 

Corresponding  cephalic 
index 

Facial  index 

Corresponding  cephalic 
index 

72.5 

80.0 

91-3 

68.2 

73.8 

77^8 

91.5 

77-4 

77.1 

76.4 

91.6 

75-i 

77.8 

77  -i 

92.1 

73-3 

78.3 

71.6 

92.4 

78.6 

78.4 

75-8 

92.4 

75-0 

78.6 

76.9 

92.8 

73-4 

79.1 

72.9 

92.8 

73-1 

79.1 

78.9 

92.8 

75-5 

79-3 

75-8 

92.9 

73-0 

79-4 

75-0 

93-1 

71.6 

79-5 

72.4 

93-2 

75-3 

79-5 

78,4 

93-4 

73.5 

79.6 

77.1 

93-6 

70.9 

79.8 

75-7 

94.0 

72.5 

80.  i 

73-2 

94.8 

76.1 

80.3 

75-3 

96.1 

72.7 

80.8 

75-7 

96.9 

75-4 

80.9 

72.4 

99-3 

74.6 

103.2 

74-3 

Averages: 


78.6 
(72.5-80.9) 

75-7 
(71.6-80.0) 

94.0 
(91.3-103.2) 

74.0 
(68.2-78.6) 

Facial  Forms  Corresponding  to  Most  Oblong  and  Least  Oblong  Heads 

22  lowest  cephalic  indices;  below  72.0 


19  highest  cephalic  indices:  78.0  and  above 


Cephalic  index 

Corresponding  facial 
index 

Cephalic  index 

Corresponding  facial 
index 

68.2 

91.3 

78.  1 

88.4 

69.1 

83.6 

78.4 

79-5 

69.6 

88.5 

78.5 

90.9 

70.2 

78.6 

92.4 

70.3 

88.4 

78.8 

90.8 

70.7 

90.0 

78.9 

83.0 

70.7 

89-5 

78.9 

79.1 

70.9 

86.8 

79.1 

90.7 

70.9 

93-6 

79-4 

82.0 

71.2 

88.1 

79-4 

89.0 

71-3 

81.1 

79.5 

88.4 

71-3 

87-7 

79-5 

86.5 

71-4 

86.6 

79.7 

85.8 

71.6 

93-1 

79.8 

84.4 

71.6 

84.8 

79.8 

89.5 

71.6 

84.6 

80.0 

72.5 

71.6 

78  3 

80.  i 

84.7 

71.6 

87.2 

80.7 

87.8 

71.6 

89.5 

80.9 

84.5 

71.7 

83.6 

71.8 

86.8 

71-8 

84.9 

Averages 


70.9 
(68.2-71.8) 

86.9 
(78.3-93.1) 

79.4 
(78.1-80.9) 

85.8 

(72.5-92.4) 

NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


73 


THE  NOSE 
Nasal  Height 

The  dimensions  of  the  nose  are  among  the  most  useful  and  most 
frequently  practiced  anthropometrical  determinations,  and  as  there 
is  but  one  system  of  landmarks  for  the  measurements,  the  data  avail- 
able for  comparison  are  much  more  numerous  than  those  concerning 
other  facial  proportions.  Unfortunately  the  existing  series  of  nose 
measurements  are  not  of  uniform  value,  for  the  reason  that,  to  those 
who  are  not  well  trained  in  anatomy,  the  determination  of  the  nasion 

Cm.        3  3.5  4  .4.5  5  5.5  6 


FIG. 
nasal 
Oasis. 


ii. — Curves  showing  the  distribution  of  the  nasal  height  (N.  H.)  and 
breadth   (N.  J5.)   measurements  among  150  adult  men  of  the  Kharga 


point  is -of  ten  a  stumbling  block;  and  also  because  the  pronounced 
effect  of  age  on  the  nose  dimensions,  which  have  received  as  yet  but 
scanty  attention.  A  habitual  estimation  of  the  nasion  too  high  or  too 
low,  which  is  doubtless  frequent  in  those  who  do  not  carry  a  clear 
mental  view  of  the  osseous  parts  of  the  face,  is  capable  of  resulting 
in  important  modifications  of  the  results;  and  any  series  in  which 
nose  measurements  of  persons  of  old  age  are  included  must  be 
tegarded  as  altered  from  its  normal  standard  in  proportion  to  the 
number  of  the  aged  it  embraces.  The  age  differences  in  this  respect 


74 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


are  such  that  a  series  of  measurements  in  any  people  on  the  adults  in 
the  prime  of  life  and  on  those  above  60  years  of  age  will  invariably 
stand  well  apart.  The  nose  grows  with  the  face  far  into  the  adult  life, 
but  with  the  advance  of  senility  becomes  often  independently  broad- 
er ;  finally  in  those  of  old  age  its  height  tends  rather  towards  diminu- 
tion. The  nasal  index  in  the  aged  is  thus  heightened  and  the  change 
is  at  times  such  that  what  formerly  was  a  leptorhinic  nose  becomes 
mesorhinic,  while  one  originally  mesorhinic  may  become  platyrhinic. 

In  the  Kharga  men,  among  whom  but  few  were  older  than  55 
years  of  age,  the  age  element,  though  not  completely  eliminated,  is 
relatively  unimportant  and  the  series  may  be  considered  in  its  en- 
tirety. 

The  average  height  of  the  nose  was  found  to  be  only  moderate, 
amounting  to  4.87  cm.,  and  it  was  much  the  same  in  each  group  of 
50  ;  it  is  also  practically  the  same  with  the  mode  and  the  median1. 
The  range  of  variation  of  the  measurement  is  ordinary,  extending 
over  1  8  mm.,  or  ±  0.18  per  unit  of  the  average.  Eighty-  four  per 
cent  of  the  cases  are  contained  within  the  limits  of  4.4  to  5.25  cm. 
The  range  of  distribution  of  the  measurement  is  fairly  regular 


KHARGA  OASIS,   MEN:    HEIGHT  OF  THE  NOSE 

Number  of  individuals  measured:  150. 
Average:  4.87  cm.1     (ist  50:  4.91;  2d  50:  4.82;  3d  50:  4.87cm.) 

Median  :   4.9  cm.     Mode  :   4.9  cm. 

Minimum  :  4.0  cm.    Maximum  :  5.8  cm. 

Table  of  frequencies: 


!? 

10 

10 

<N 

IO 

co 

« 

IO 
10 

10 

\O 

10 
tx 

IO 

00 

§ 

Ii 

?B 
M  <•> 

T-E 
A  <j 

T-E 

co° 

re 

4f« 

T-E 

lo" 

TJ-£ 
VO   u 

YE 
t^w 

TE 

00  " 

zs 

<* 

Tf 

Tf 

Tf 

Tf 

Tj- 

Tj- 

-<r 

Tf 

Tt 

Number  of  cases..  .. 
Per  cent  

i 

0.7 

I 

0.7 

2 
1.3 

3 
2.0 

8 
5.3 

13 

8.7 

12 

8.0 

12 

8.0 

I? 

11.3 

22 

14.7 

IO 

IO 

10 

10 

10 

IO 

0 

HI 

04 

^f 

IO 

VO 

IN 

IO  — 

10  g 

10  g 

10  g 

10  g 

lOg 

10  g 

10  g 

48 

hi  <•> 

'    u 

CO  U 

Tf  y 

\O  ° 

t>.  u 

00 

.0 

IO 

"> 

10 

10 

IO 

IO 

IO 

IO 

18 

17 

7 

5 

6 

3 

J 

J 

I 

Per  cent  

12.0 

JJ.J 

-#.7 

J.J 

^.i7 

2.0 

(?i7 

^7.7 

0.7 

, 

Probable    error  =  ±  0.018 ;    standard   deviation,    ff,   =0.330,    ±0.013;    co- 
efficient of  variability,  C,  =6.78,  ±  0.264. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA   OASI< 


-HRDLICKA 


75 


A  comparison  with  the  other  facial  measurements  shows  that,  as 
in  other  ethnic  groups,  so  in  the  Kharga  Egyptians  the  nasal  height 
bears  a  close  correlation  with  the  height  of  the  face.  This  condi- 
tion is  brought  out  very  plainly  in  the  following  table.  The  nasal 
height  does  not,  however,  rise  exactly  proportionately  with  the 
facial  height,  but  shows  a  slight  retardation ;  this  indicates  an  in- 
crease, with  advancing  height  of  face,  not  only  in  the  absolute,  but 
also  in  the  relative  height  of  the  subnasal  region. 

KHARGA   OASIS,   MEN:     RELATION   OF   THE   FACIAL  AND   NASAL  HEIGHT   IN 
THOSE   OF   THE    SHORTEST   AND    THOSE    OF   THE    LONGEST   FACES 


17  shortest  faces  of  the  series 

16  longest  faces  of  the  series 

Height  of  face, 
chin-nasion  point 

Height  of  nose 

Height  efface 
chin-nasion  point 

Height  of  nose 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

9.6 

4-5 

12. 

5.0 

9.8 

4.2 

12. 

4-8 

9.9 

4.4 

12. 

5-5 

IO.O 

4.6 

12. 

5.1 

10.  1 

4-6 

12. 

5.3 

10.4 

4.0 

12.2 

5-0 

10.5 

4-5 

12.2 

5-2 

10.5 

4-5 

12.3 

5-2 

10.5 

4-5 

12.4 

5.8 

10.5 

4-7 

12.4 

5.05 

10.5 

4-6 

12.5 

4.7 

10.6 

4-4 

12.6 

4-7 

10.6 

4.5 

12.7 

5-5 

10.6 

4-5 

12.7 

5-3 

10.6 

4-7 

12.9 

5.0 

10.6 

4-4 

13-9 

5-7 

10.6 

4-6 

10.3 

4.5 

12.5 

5.2 

(4.0-4.7) 

(4-7-5.8) 

(Nose  height — face  height  index  43.7}      (Nose  height — face  height  index  41.6} 

Nasal  Breadth 

The  breadth  of  the  nose  averages  in  the  Kharga  men  3.73  cm.,  and 
the  range  of  variation  is  larger  than  that  of  the  nasal  height,  extend- 
ing over  1 6  mm.,  or  ±  0.216  per  unit  of  the  average.  Eighty-nine 
per  cent  of  the  cases  fall  between  3.4  and  4.15  cm. 


76 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


KHARGA   OASIS   MEN:     BREADTH  OF  THE  NOSE 

Number  of  individuals  measured  :  150. 
Average:  3.73 cm.1  (ist  50:  3.8;  2d  50:  37;  3d  50:  37  cm.) 

Median:   3.7  cm.     Mode:  3.6  cm. 

Minimum  :  2.9  cm.    Maximum  :  4.5  cm. 

Table  of  frequencies: 


m 

o\ 

X 

lO 

S 

m 
r*5 

m 

TT 

m 
vo 

IO 

^0 

lO 

r^ 

7  6 
^° 

oi 

?S 

4° 

CO 

7>£ 

H-l     W 

CO 

7>S 
A  w 

ro 

?s 
<? 

CO 

?S 

^r° 

e*j 

?S- 
J>° 

CO 

7>£ 

vi  " 
ro 

T^e 
^« 

CO 

Number  of  cases. 
Per  cent 

I 
0-7 

I 

0-7 

4 
2.7 

J.J 

9 

6.0 

18 
12-0 

26 

17.3 

20 
7J.^ 

oo 

a 

o3 

3 

X 

CO 

^ 

p 

CO  g 

co  g 

rrg 

Tj-g 

Tj-g 

TT£ 

f  a 

o 

OO 

£U 

4° 

M.  u 

^ 

C0° 

t° 

4 

Number  of  cases  

21 

16 

15 

8 

3 

i 

i 

Per  cent          

14.0 

10.7 

10-0 

5-J 

2.0 

0.7 

0.7 

1  Probable   error ;=  ±  0.014 ;    standard   deviation,  <r,  =0.263,   ±0.0107;   co- 
efficient of  variability,  C,  =  7.06,  ±  0.27. 


KHABGA  OASIS,  MEN:  KELATION  OF  THE  FACIAL  AND  NASAL  BREADTH  IN 
THOSE  OF  THE  SHORTEST  AND  THOSE  OF  THE  LONGEST  FACES 


22  narrowest  faces 

18  broadest  faces 

Diameter 
bizygomatic  maximum 

Breadth  of  nose 

Diameter 
bizygomatic  maximum 

Breadth  of  nose 

ii.  8 

3.25 

13-7 

3-8 

12.0 

3-9 

13.7 

3-7 

12.  1 

3-75 

13.7 

3.65 

12.  1 

3-35 

13-7 

3-7 

12.4 

3-6 

13-7 

3-95 

12.5 

12.5 

3.65 
3.8 

13.7 
13-8 

3-7 
3-8 

12.5 

3-5 

13.8 

3-9 

12-5 

3-7 

13.8 

3-5 

12.5 

3-3 

13-8 

4-15 

12.5 

3-6 

13.8 

3-9 

12.5 

3-6 

13.8 

3-65 

12.6 

3-9 

13-8 

3-6 

12.6 

3.65 

13-9 

3.65 

12.6 

3-6 

13.9 

3.8 

12.6 

3.65 

13-9 

3.65 

12.6 

3-9 

14.0 

3-8 

12.6 

3.65 

14.0 

3.5 

12.6 

3.3 

12.6 

3-8 

12.6 

12.6 

3*1 

12.45 

3.62 

13.8 

3.75 

(3.25-3.9) 

(3.5-4.15) 

(Nose   breadth— face  breadth  index :         (Nose   breadth— face  breadth  index 
2Q.I)  27.1) 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


77 


As  the  height  of  the  nose  stands  in  correlation  with  the  height  of 
the  face,  so  the  breadth  of  the  organ  is  correlated  with  facial 
breadth.  The  correspondence  of  the  two  dimensions  in  the  Kharga 
natives  is,  however,  not  quite  so  close  as  in  the  case  of  the  height, 
and  individual  exceptions  are  much  more  frequent,  due  to  the 
variability  and  to  some  extent  independent  development  of  the  zygo- 
matic  arches,  which  are  included  in  the  face  measurement.  The 
dimensions  of  the  arches  are  influenced,  it  is  well  known,  by  the 
development  of  the  temporal  muscles. 


Nasal  Index 


/breadth  of  nose  X  100 


\         height  of  nose 

The  average  nasal  index  of  the  Kharga  men,  /d,(5,  is  typically 
mesorhinian.  It  corresponds  closely,  as  will  be  shown  below,  to 
that  of  the  Valley  Egyptians,  the  Bedjah  Nubians  and  also  some  of 
the  Berbers  and  other  non-negroid  African  peoples.  It  is  moderately 
higher  than  that  of  the  pure  Arabs  and  that  of  the  whites,  but  is 
decidedly  lower  than  that  of  the  Soudan  and  other  negroes. 


KHARGA    OASIS,    MEN:     NASAL   INDEX 

Number  of  observations :  150. 

Average:  76.59?     (ist  50:  77 ",  2d  50:  76.8;  3d  50:   75.8.) 

Median  76.3.    Mode:  75.5   (72.6-75). 

Minimum:  56.7.     Maximum:  95.1-?. 

Table  of  frequencies: 


. 

vo 

VO 

IO 

1 

s 

i 

I 

^ 

R 

f 

1 

0 

^ 

£ 

3 

vS 

10 

g 

R 

8, 

£ 

Number  of  cases. 

i 

I 

4 

I 

6 

9 

19 

23 

21 

Per  cent  

0.7 

0.7 

2.7 

0.7 

4.0 

6-0 

12^7 

15.3 

14.0 

"? 

"? 

"? 

XO 

5 

f 

% 

? 

1 

J 

1 

_, 

£ 

c2 

£ 

(J0 

£ 

8, 

a 

s 

Number  of  esses 

21 

14 

6 

12 

5 

3 

3 

I 

Per  cent        

14.0 

9.3 

4.0 

*.0 

J.J 

2.^7 

2.0 

a.7 

'Probable   error  ±  0.403 ;    standard   deviation,   <r,   =7-3^0,    ±0.285;    coeffi- 
cient of  variability,  C,  =9.51,   ±0.371. 


78  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

As  to  comparative  data,  we  have  especially  the  measurements  of 
Chantre  and  Myers  on  the  Egyptians  and  Nubians,  and  those  of 
Collignon  on  the  Tunisians  and  various  other  more  western  North 
Africans.  Chantre's  records  are,  regrettably,  of  only  limited  use,  as 
his  measurements  of  the  height  of  the  nose,  due  to  some  peculiarity 
of  his  method,  are  too  low  and  his  nasal  indices  result  correspond- 
ingly high.  Nevertheless  they  show  a  fairly  close  relation  of  the 
nasal  index  in  the  several  Egyptian  and  Nubian  (Bedjah)  groups 
that  were  examined.  Myers'  observations,  though  applying  to  a 
more  heterogeneous  material  than  that  of  Kharga  and  one  com- 
posed of  only  young  men,  give  results  that  show  a  close  accordance 
with  those  from  the  Oasis.  The  mean  nasal  index  of  349  Mahom- 
medan  soldiers  is  75.83  and  that  of  42  Copts  75.8.  The  index  aug- 
ments from  north  to  south,  ranging  from  73.4  in  .the  district  of 
Dakahlia  to  78.1  at  Assiut  (in  the  same  latitude  as  Kharga)  and  to 
78.9  in  that  of  Kena.  An  abstract  of  Collignon  data  and  those  he 
quotes,  are  as  follows: 

NASAL  INDEX  IN  THE  LIVING  NON-NEGROID  PEOPLES  OF  NORTH  AFRICA 

(After  Collignon ') 

23  Tunisian  Arabs  (Collignon)  65.2 

184  Kabyls  (Prengruber)  66.5 

120  Tunisians,  Berber  race  II,  (Col.) 69.8 

33  Algerians,  divers  (Col.) 69.9 

1334  Tunisians  (Col.)  70.2 

40  Tunisians,  Berber  race  IV  of  Ellez   (Col.) 72.0 

50  Tunisians  brachycephalic  Berber  race,  I  (Col.) 72.5 

6  Moroccans  (Col.)  74.3 

—  Berbers  of  Touggourt  (Rouaras.  Weissgerber) 75.0 

113  Tunisians,  Berber  race  III,  of  Djerid  (Col.) 76.6 

In  whites  (French,  Mediterranean,  Finns,  Galtchas),  as  quoted 
by  Collignon,  the  mean  nasal  index  ranges  from  63  to  69.4,  in 
Negroes,  African  and  Oceanic,  from  87.9  to  108.9.  These  data  are 
not  very  extended,  but  suffice  to  show  the  position  in  respect  to  the 
nasal  index  of  the  Kharga  Egyptians. 

The  range  of  variation  of  the  nasal  index  in  the  Kharga  men  is 
large,  reaching  38.4  points,  which  amounts  to  0.25  for  each  unit  of 
the  average. 


1  Collignon,  R. :  La  nomenclature  quinaire  de  1'indice  nasal  du  vivant,  Rev. 
d'anthropol,  3me  sen,  II,  1887,  pp.  8-20. 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA   OASIS HRDLICK A  79 

The  distribution  of  the  nasal  index  of  the  Kharga  men  is  some- 
what peculiar.  The  apex  of  the  curve  illustrating  the  same  precedes 
unusually  both  the  average  and  the  median ;  following  the  apex 
the  curve  is  shouldered,  and  finally  it  shows  a  smaller  secondary 
grouping  between  85.1  and  87.5.  It  seems  as  if  there  were  a  ten- 
dency toward  a  double  mode  (at  about  73.5  and  78)  or  even  a  triple 
mode  (+86).  These  features  might  be  disregarded  were  it  not 
for  the  fact  that  Myers,  on  the  Valley  Egyptians,  obtained  "  in  all 
the  provinces  which  we  chance  to  have  examined  frequency  poly- 
gons showing  one  peak  at  72  or  78."  3  By  mathematical  considera- 
tions Myers  2  is  "  forced  to  the  conclusion  that  the  coincident  position 
of  the  peaks,  in  the  various  provinces  which  we  have  been  consider- 
ing, is  a  matter  of  pure  accident,  and  that  it  is  in  no  sense  a  proof 
of  the  presence  of  two  or  more  distinct  ethnic  types,  variously  dis- 
tributed in  the  different  provinces  of  the  country."5  But  to  the 
present  writer  the  accidental  nature  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  nasal  index,  both  in  the  Valley  and  at  the  Oasis,  is 
not  so  clearly  demonstrated.  However  the  case  may  be,  the  follow- 
ing facts  are  well  established  and  should  be  borne  in  mind  in  this 
connection :  The  Egyptian,  in  the  Valley  or  the  Oasis,  is  funda- 
mentally distinct  by  descent  and  in  physical  characteristics  from  the 
Nubian  or  Soudan  negro ;  but  he  is  now  everywhere  more  or  less 
mixed  with  the  negro,  and  his  nose,  as  well  as  hair,  color,  lips,  and 
doubtless  other  features,  have  suffered  accordingly ;  the  nose  of  the 
Egyptian,  as  known  from  the  crania,  mummies,  and  the  present 
more  pure-blooded  population,  is  mesorhinic,  while  that  of  the 
negro  is  platyrhinic,  and  an  admixture  of  the  negro  would  tend 
to  augment  the  mesorhiny  and  cause  the  appearance,  or  make  more 
frequent  the  appearance,  of  platyrhiny — as  well  shown  by  Myers  on 
his  "  mixed "  group  and  also  in  comparisons  of  the  Copts  and 
Mahommedans ; 3  and  the  here  enumerated  effects  can  not  but  have 
influenced  the  averages  of  the  nasal  measurements  and  index,  as  well 
as  their  range  and  curves  of  distribution,  in  the  present  day  Egyptian. 
Whether  they  are  responsible  for  the  double  apex  of  the  nasal  index 
polygons  in  the  Valley  and  for  the  peculiarities  of  that  of  the  Oasis 
men  can  be  better  determined  when  we  have  more  knowledge  con- 
cerning the  process  of  racial  mixture  and  its  effects,  but  the  conditions 
of  the  case  are  such  that  consequences  of  that  nature  may  be  regarded 
as  at  least  possible  (fig.  12). 


*L.  c.,  Journ.  Anthr.  Inst,  Vol.  36,  1906,  p.  246. 

2  Ibid.,  p.  255. 

3  Ibid.,  p.  263  et  seq. 


8o 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


y 

, 

^ 

/' 

/ 

xf 

^ 

> 

4* 

^ 

4 

^ 

in 

^ 

co 

^ 

^ 

^ 

*** 

^ 

^>J 

^ 

* 

*^ 

<. 

--• 

*- 

x^ 

• 

sj 

> 

X 

* 

^ 

» 

/ 

*. 

++ 

• 

..„. 

4 

. 

V 

**^ 
V 

*•* 

0 

^^ 

***^ 

<^. 

K> 

• 

\ 

\ 

'O 

's 

*\ 

k> 

^s 

^ 

< 

^ 

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h- 

s 

^ 

u 

2? 

<r 

o 

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i 

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u 

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c 

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n 

0 

X 

£ 

1 

NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


8l 


An  inquiry  as  to  the  respective  values  of  the  two  nasal  measure- 
ments shows,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  next  table,  in  the  thirteen  cases 
with  the  lowest  indices  (av.  65.),  that  the  height  exceeds  the  average 
nasal  height  of  the  entire  series  in  the  proportion  of  108  to  100,  while 
the  breadth  stands  to  the  general  average  nasal  breadth  in  the  Kharga 
men  as  90  to  100;  it  is  evident,  therefore,  that  in  leptorhiny,  at 
Kharga,  the  nose  is  both  higher  and  narrower,  differing  in  both 
dimensions  nearly  alike  from  the  general  average.  And  an  inquiry 
into  the  twelve  cases  with  the  highest  nasal  indices  shows  similar 
conditions,  in  a  reversed  way — the  nose  is  both  lower  and  broader 
and  that  by  nearly  the  same  proportion  (height  =  91.8,  breadth 
=  109.1  per  cent)  as  the  general  averages  of  these  dimensions. 


KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:     DIMENSIONS  OF  THE  NOSE  IN  CASES  OF  LOWEST 
AND  THOSE  OF  HIGHEST  NASAL  INDEX 


13  lowest  nasal  indices 

12  highest  nasal  indices 

Index 

Height  of  nose 

Breadth  of  nose 

Index 

Height  of  nose 

Breadth  of  nose 

56.73 

5-2 

2-95 

88.04 

4-6 

4.05 

6O.OO 

5-0 

3-0 

88.24 

5.i 

4-5 

61.40 

5-7 

3.5 

88.37 

4-3 

3.8 

61.82 

5-5 

3-4 

88.89 

4-5 

4.0 

62.26 

5-3 

3-3 

89.78 

4-4 

3-95 

62.50 

5.2 

3.25 

90.70 

4-3 

3-9 

64.00 

S.o 

3-2 

91.11 

4-5 

4-1 

65-45 

5.5 

3.6 

92.31 

4-55 

4-2 

66.04 

5-3 

3-5 

93-33 

4-2 

3-9 

66.35 

5.2 

3-45 

92.86 

4-5 

4.2 

66.67 

5-4 

3.6 

94-56 

4-6 

4.35 

66.67 

5-4 

3-6 

95-12 

4.1 

3.9 

67-35 

4-9 

3-3 

Averages: 


63.63 

5.28 

3-36 

91.03 

4-47 

4.07 

Ratio  of  mean: 


.... 

108.3 

90.0 

.... 

91.8 

109.1 

The  relations  of  the  two  nose  measurements  and  of  the  nasal  index 
to  age,  can  not  be  discussed  to  best  advantage  with  a  series  from 
which  all  senile  subjects  were  excluded;  nevertheless  certain  facts 
of  interest  are  apparent.  The  following  table  gives  the  nasal  dimen- 
sions and  index  in  21  youngest  and  25  oldest  men  of  the  series.  It  is 


82 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


seen  that  both  the  nasal  dimensions  as  well  as  the  nasal  index  are 
higher  in  the  old  than  in  the  young,  though  there  are  individual 
exceptions.  The  breadth  has  augmented  more  than  the  length,  hence 
the  higher  index. 


KHARGA   OASIS,    MEN:     NASAL   MEASUREMENTS   AND 
INDEX  IN  RELATION  TO  AGE 


21  youngest  individuals  examined:  21  1026 

25  oldest  individuals  examined:  55  to  65 

years  of  age 

years  of  age 

Approxi- 
mate age 
of  subject 

Length  of 
nose 

Breadth  of 
nose 

Nasal  index 

Approxi- 
mate age 
of  subject 

Length  of 
nose 

Breadth  of 
nose 

Nasal  index 

21 

4-5 

3-6 

80.00 

55 

5-0 

3-7 

74.00 

22 

4.9 

3-8 

77-55 

55 

5-8 

4-2 

72.41 

23 

4-9 

3-55 

72-45 

55 

5.15 

4-15 

8i.37 

23 

4-7 

3.25 

69.15 

55 

5-1 

3-7 

72.55 

24 

5-0 

3-6 

72.00 

55 

5-0 

4-1 

82.00 

24 

4-6 

3-7 

80.43 

55 

4-6 

4-35 

94-57 

24 

4-8 

3-3 

68.75 

55 

4-55 

4-2 

92.31 

24 

4.0 

3.5 

87-50 

55 

4-8 

3-5 

72.92 

24 

4.7            3-7 

78.72 

55 

4.7 

4.1 

87.23 

24 

5-1            3-6 

70.59 

55 

5-1 

4-4 

86.27 

24 

4-8            3-55 

73.96 

55 

5.6 

4-0 

71-43 

24 

4-9 

3.7 

75-51 

55 

5-5 

3-4 

61.82 

25 
25 

4-6 
4-6 

3-75 
3-65 

81.52 
79-34 

55 
55 

to 

3.8 
3.65 

86.36 
79-35 

25 

4-8            3-7 

77-08 

55 

4.6 

3-5 

76.09 

11 

4.9 
5-0 

3.8 
3-6 

77-55 
72.00 

55 
55 

5.1 
4-9 

3-7 
3-95 

72.55 
80.  61 

26 

4-8 

3-7 

77.o8 

55 

5.0 

3-8 

76.00 

26 

4-4 

3-35 

76.13 

55 

4.6 

4.05 

88.04 

26 

5-1 

3-45 

67-65 

58 

5-4 

4.0 

74-07 

26 

4-8 

3-9 

81.25 

60 

5.1 

4-5 

88.24 

60 

4.8 

3-9 

81.25 

60 
60 

5-0 
4-8 

4-15 
3.65 

83.00 
76.04 

65 

5-0 

3-4 

68.00 

Averages: 


24.3 

4.76 

3.6 

75.  8 

56.4 

4.97 

3.9 

78.8 

(4.0-5.1) 

(3.25- 

(67.6- 

(4.4-5-8) 

(3-4-4-5) 

(61.8- 

3-9) 

87.5) 

94.6) 

The  above  comparison  can  be  made  still  more  complete  by  the 
inclusion  of  the  measurements  and  index  that  correspond  to  the 
adults  of  mean  age,  or  say  those  from  35  to  45.  The  data  are  then 
as  follows: 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


Percental 

Percental 

Mean 

Mean 

relation 

Mean 

relation 

Mean 

age 

nasal 
length 

to  general 
average 

nasal 
breadth 

to  general 
average 

nasal 
index 

length 

breadth 

The  entire  series  of  150.. 

40.0 

4.87 

100 

3-73 

100 

76.6 

21  youngest  adults  . 

24    ^ 

476 

97  7 

<>   A 

Of.     c 

7  c     a 

42  adults  between  35 

6-v 

and  45  years  of  age.. 

40.O 

4.85 

99.2 

3.72 

99.7 

76.7 

c^   A 

4Q7 

102    1 

ind  f\ 

JO      0 

•  y/ 

•9 

These  figures  show  that  the  average  nasal  measurements  and  in- 
dex in  the  adults  in  the  "  best "  years  agree  very  closely  with  the 
general  averages  of  the  entire  series ;  and  that  both  the  measurements 
and  the  index  are  smaller  in  the  youngest  and  larger  in  the  oldest 
adults  than  in  those  of  mean  age  or  in  the  Kharga  series  as  a  whole. 
These  conditions,  notwithstanding  individual  exceptions  and  varia- 
tions, are  so  regular  and  well  marked  that  they  can  not  be  regarded 
as  accidental.  They  bear  evidence  to  the  fact  .that  in  general  the 
nose  grows  both  in  length  and  breadth  even  after  a  fully  adult  life 
is  reached,  apparently  even  after  45  years  of  age;  they  show  that 
the  growth  is  perceptibly  greater  in  the  breadth  than  in  the  length ; 
and  as  a  result  of  these  alterations  the  mean  nasal  index  increases 
with  age,  advancing  towards  platyrhiny.  Judging  from  the  writer's 
experiences  with  the  Indian,  the  augmentation  in  length  ceases  some- 
where before  the  age  limit  of  the  present  series,  and  later  on  the 
dimension  may  diminish;  but  the  breadth  seems  to  increase  slightly 
or  retain  its  maximum  proportions — unless  affected  by  emaciation  or 
pathological  conditions,  to  the  end  of  the  life.  A  series  of  the  oldest 
individuals  in  the  Kharga  Oasis  would,  it  can  be  confidently  ex- 
pected, show  a  nasal  index  of  still  higher  value  than  that  shown  by 
the  group  of  the  oldest  men  that  were  measured. 

The  differences  in  the  mean  nasal  index  in  the  youngest  and  that 
in  the  oldest  men  in  the  present  series,  suggested  that  the  age  factor 
might  be  responsible  for  what  irregularities  there  were  observed  in 
the  distribution  of  the  index.  But  eliminating  the  "  youngest "  and 
"  oldest "  groups  had  actually  the  opposite  effect,  accentuating  the 
main  mode  at  72.6-75,  as  well  as  the  tendency  towards  a  second 
mode  at  77.6-80  and  not  influencing  appreciably  the  third  grouping 
at  85.1-87.5.  And  the  large  variability  of  the  series  is  not  dimin- 
ished. In  this  manner  the  curve  of  distribution  of  the  index  ap- 
proaches that  obtained  by  Myers  in  the  Valley  and  the  probability 
grows  that  the  irregularity  is  due  to  admixture,  which  otherwise 
passed  undetected  at  Kharga,  of  the  platyrhinic  Soudanese. 


84 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:    NASAL  INDEX  IN  ADULTS  BETWEEN  27 
AND  54  YEARS  OF  AGE 


in 

m 

i-O 

IO 

m 

rC. 

• 

m 

| 

i 

| 

§ 

| 

1 

V 

£ 

£ 

m 

i 

£ 

NO 

£ 

R 

R 

m 

Men  27-54  years  of  age 

j 

j 

•j 

I 

e 

6 

12 

18 

12 

Per  cent       

1  0 

1  0 

2  9 

1.0 

4.8 

5.8 

77.5 

77.  J 

77.5 

Whole  series  (150)  

I 

I 

I 

6 

g 

19 

23 

21 

Per  cent            

0  7 

0  7 

2.7 

0.7 

6.0 

75.  J 

m 

m 

m 

f 

f 

m 

a 

NO 

f 

| 

CN* 

ON 

f 

CN^ 

• 

o 

m 

,^ 

Q 

04 

m 

•* 

OD 

00 

00 

00 

ON 

ON 

ON 

Men  27-54  years  of  age 

(104  cases) 

17 

7 

— 

8 

7 

2 

2 

I 

Per  cent 

76  3 

6   7 

4  5 

7  7 

2.9 

7.9 

7.9 

7.0 

Whole  series  (150) 

21 

14 

6 

12 

5 

3 

3 

I 

Per  cent  

74.0 

J.J 

2.0 

0.7 

It  remains  to  inquire  into  the  relations  of  the  nasal  index  to  that  of 
the  face,  and  to  the  cephalic  index.  In  detail  these  relations  appear 
as  shown  below. 

The  first  important  point  observed  is  that  low  or  high  nasal  in- 
dices are  in  adults,  before  senility  becomes  established,  not  due  as  a 
rule  to  excess  or  defect  in  one  of  the  measurements  from  which 
the  index  is  determined,  but  to  concurrent  and  to  a  large  extent 
correlative  excess  in  one  and  defect  in  the  other.  Low  nasal  index, 
as  has  already  been  shown  in  other  connections,  goes  with  a  greater 
than  average  height  and  a  subaverage  breadth  of  the  organ,  while 
high  index  is  conditioned  by  a  less  than  average  height  and  greater 
than  average  breadth  of  the  nose.  And  in  both  categories  of  cases, 
that  is,  in  low  as  well  as  high  nasal  indices,  the  differences  in  the 
measurements  from  the  general  mean  of  the  same  dimensions  are 
quite  alike  for  the  length  and  the  breadth.  Thus  in  the  group  of 
the  lowest  nasal  indices  the  height  of  the  nose  stands  to  the  general 
average  of  the  measurement  in  the  Kharga  series  (4.87  cm.)  in 
round  figures  as  107  to  100,  or  +7,  and  the  breadth  as  92  to  100, 
or  —8;  while  in  the  group  of  the  highest  indices,  similar  proportions 
are  respectively  92,  or  —8,  and  108,  or  +8,  to  100. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA   OASIS HRDLICKA 


KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:     RELATION  OF  THE  NASAL  INDEX  TO  NASAL  HEIGHT 

AND    BREADTH,    TO    FACIAL    HEIGHT,  BREADTH   AND    INDEX, 

AND   TO   CEPHALIC   INDEX 

20  Lowest  Nasal  Indices;  below  68.0 


Nasal 
index 

Nasal 
height 

Nasal 
breadth 

Height  of 
the  face 

Breadth  of 
the  face 

Facial 

index 

Cephalic 
index 

56-7 

5-2 

2-95 

12.3 

13-2 

93-2 

75-3 

60.0 

5-0 

3-0 

'     II.Q 

13-2 

90.1 

73-8 

61.4 

5-7 

3-5 

13-9 

14.0 

99-3 

74-6 

6l.8 

5-5 

3-4 

n-5 

13-3 

86  5 

79-5 

62.3 

5  3 

3-3 

10.9 

12.5 

87.2 

75-5 

62.5 

5-2 

3  25 

n-5 

I3-I 

87.8 

75  8 

64.0 

5-0 

32 

11.  8 

13-0 

90.8 

75-4 

66.0 

5-5 
5-3 

3-6 

3-5 

12.7 
ii.  5 

13-4 
13-2 

94-8 
87.1 

76.1 
77-9 

66.3 

5-2 

3-45 

11.7 

12.7 

92.  i 

73-3 

66.7 

5-4 

3-6 

12.  0 

13.4 

89.5 

79-8 

66.7 

5-4 

3.6 

II-9 

13.4 

88.8 

76.1 

63.7 

4.9 

3-3 

H-S 

12.6 

91-3 

68.2 

67  6 

5-1 

3-45 

II.  2 

12.9 

86.8 

71:8 

68.0 

5-0 

3-4 

ii.  8 

12.9 

91-5 

77-4 

68.0 

50 

3-4 

II.  2 

13   2 

84.8 

7i  6 

68.3 

5-2 

3-55 

II.4 

13-0 

87.7 

74  2 

68.7 
69.1 

4.8 

4-7 

3-3 

3-25 

II.  0 

10.9 

13.0 

ii.  8 

84.6 
92.4 

jfc* 

69.1 

5-5 

3-8 

12.  1 

13.5 

89.6 

74-7 

Averages: 


65.4 

(56.7- 
69-1) 

5.2 

(4-7- 
5-8) 

3.4 
(2.95- 
3-8) 

11.7 
(10.9- 
13-9) 

13.1 
(n.  8- 
14.0) 

89.8 
(84.6- 
99-3) 

75.2 
(68.2- 
79-8) 

21  Highest  Nasal  Indices,  84.0  and  above 


Nasal 

Nasal 

Nasal 

Height  of 

Breadth  of 

Facial 

Cephalic 

index 

height 

breadth 

the  face 

the  face 

index 

index 

86.4 
86.4 

4-4 
4-4 

3-8 
3-8 

10.8 
12.0 

12-7 
13-4 

85.0 
89.5 

77-5 
71.6 

86.3 

5-1 

4.4 

12.0 

13-2 

78.5 

86.7 

4-5 

3-9 

10.6 

12.6 

84  9 

75-0 

86.9 

4.2 

3-65 

10.7 

12.6 

84'.! 

70-2 

87.0 

4-6 

4.0 

10.9 

13-3 

81.9 

74-7 

87.0 

4-6 

4.0 

II.  0 

I3.I 

84.0 

72.7 

87.2 

4-7 

4.1 

10.9 

13-6 

80  I 

73-2 

87.5 

4.0 

3-5 

10-4 

I3.I 

79-4 

75-0 

88.0 

4.6 

4  05 

10.6 

13-2 

80.3 

75-3 

88.2 

5-i 

4-5 

12.0 

I3-I 

77-1 

76.4 

88.4 

4-3 

3-8 

10.8 

14.0 

91.6 

75-1 

88.9 

4-5 

4.0 

10.5 

12.8 

82.0 

79-4 

89.8 

4-4 

3-95 

10.6 

12.9 

82.2 

74.2 

90.7 

4-3 

3-9 

II.  2 

13.3 

84.2 

77-6 

91.1 

4-5 

4.1 

II.  I 

13.3 

83.5 

72.4 

92-3 

4-55 

4.2 

ii-5 

12.9 

89.1 

73-0 

92.9 

4.2 

3-9 

9.8 

12.6 

77-8 

77.1 

93-3 

4-5 

4-2 

10.5 

13.2 

79-5 

72.4 

94.6 

4.6 

4-35 

10.7 

13.2 

Bz.i 

71-3 

95-1 

4.1 

3-9 

10.8 

12.0 

90.0 

70.7 

Averages: 

88.9 

4.5 

4.0 

10.9 

13.1 

83.7 

74.4 

(86.4- 

(4-0- 

(3-5- 

(10.4- 

(12.6- 

(77-I- 

(70.2- 

95-1) 

5.i) 

4-5) 

12.  0) 

14.0) 

91.6) 

79-4) 

86 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.  59 


The  influence  of  the  facial  height  on  the  nose  is  again  seen  to 
be  pronounced.  It  affects  primarily  the  nasal  height,  secondarily 
the  nasal  index.  The  higher  the  face,  the  higher,  as  a  rule,  the  nose 
and  the  lower  the  nasal  index ;  and  vice  versa. 

The  breadth  of  the  face,  notwithstanding  the  correlation  with  it 
of  the  nasal  breadth,  evidently  influences  the  facial  index  only  sec- 
ondarily and  very  irregularly.  This  is  unexpected,  but  so  far  as 
this  particular  ethnic  group  is  concerned,  the  lack  of  correspondence, 
at  least  for  the  cases  with  the  lowest  and  the  highest  nasal  indices, 
is  very  plain. 

As  to  the  relation  of  the  nasal  with  the  cephalic  index  in  the 
Kharga  men,  the  results  are  negative.  It  is  seen  in  the  two  groups 
representing  the  extremes  of  the  nasal  index  that  not  only  the  mean 
corresponding  cephalic  index  but  even  the  range  of  variation  are 
quite  alike. 

SECONDARY  FACIAL   MEASUREMENTS 

Diameter  Frontal  Minimum 

The  smallest  frontal  breadth,  determined  in  100  of  the  Kharga 
men,  averages  10.26  cm.,  and  varies  to  the  moderate  extent  of  18 
mm.  or  ±0.087  per  unit  of  the  average.  The  distribution  of  the 
measurement  is  fairly  regular.  Its  anthropological  value  is  not  great. 

KHARGA  OASIS,    MEN:     DIAMETER   FRONTAL   MINIMUM 

Number  of  individuals  measured :  100. 
Average:  10.26 cm.     (ist  50:  10.3;  2d  50:  10.2  cm.) 

Median :   10.2  cm.     Mode :   10.2  cm. 

Minimum  :  9.4  cm.     Maximum  :  11.2  cm. 

Table  of  frequencies: 


,_, 

CO 

10 

^ 

ON 

N 

10    . 

tx 

o 

O     . 

O     . 

o    . 

o    . 

O     . 

M 

?§ 

?l 

51 

00    0 

7  e 

o  o 

T 

^ 

°°. 

o 

0 

o 

o 

0 

M 

Number  and  per  cent 

of  cases  

3 

5 

11 

18 

2J 

J5 

Jd 

8 

7 

The  correlations  of  the  smallest  frontal  breadth  with  the  greatest 
breadth  of  the  head  and  that  of  the  face  are  shown  in  the  next 
table.  A  broader  forehead  is  seen  to  correspond  in  general  to  a 
broader  head  as  well  as  face ;  but  on  the  average  the  breadth  of  the 
forehead  increases  in  this  series  at  a  more  rapid  rate  than  either  of 
the  dimensions  with  which  it  is  compared. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES   OF   KHARGA   OASIS — HRDLICKA 


KHARGA  OASIS,   MEN:     RELATION  OF  DIAMETER  FRONTAL  MINIMUM  TO 
BREADTH   OF   FACE   AND   BREADTH  OF  HEAD 


19  narrowest  foreheads  : 
less  than  10.0  cm. 

19  broadest  foreheads: 
10.7  cm.  and  above 

Diameter              Diameter 

Greatest 

Diameter 

Diameter 

Greatest 

frontal 

bizygomatic 

breadth 

frontal 

bizygomatic 

breadth 

minimum 

maximum 

of  head 

minimum 

maximum 

of  head 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

9-4 

12.  1 

13  o 

10.7 

13-6 

14.6 

9-4 

13-7 

I4.I 

10-7 

12.9 

14.2 

9  4                 13-8 

14.4 

10  7 

13-4 

I4.I 

9.6 

12.8 

13-4 

10.7 

136 

13-9 

9.6 

12.0 

13-2 

10.7 

13-4 

15-0 

9-7 

12-9 

13  8 

10.7 

13-4 

14.2 

9-7 

13-3 

14.0 

10.7 

13-3 

13-9 

97 

12   6 

13-8 

10.7 

I3-I 

14.4 

9.8 

13-0 

14.4 

10.7 

I3-I 

14.2 

9.8 

13   2 

13-4 

10.7 

13-9 

14-3 

9.8 

13-8 

13-4 

10.8 

12.8 

14.7 

9-8 

13-0 

13-3 

10.8 

13-9 

I4.I 

9.8 

13-8 

14.2 

10.8 

13-4 

I4.O 

9.8 

12.6 

14.0 

10.8 

12.9 

13-4 

9.8 

12  5 

13-6 

10.9 

13.0 

14.0 

9.9 

12.5 

13  9 

10.9 

13-7 

14.2 

9-9 

12.6 

14.8 

10.9 

13-2 

14.4 

9  9 

13-0 

14-5 

10.9 

13-6 

14-6 

9  9 

13-1 

13-9 

II.  2 

13-4 

14-3 

Averages  : 


9.7 
(9.4-9.9) 

13.0 
(12.0-13.8) 

13.8 

(13.0-14.8) 

10.8 

(10.7-11-2) 

13.35 
(12.8-13-9) 

14.2 
(13.4-15.0) 

Per  cent : 


100 

74.6 

70  3 

100 

80.9 

76.1 

Averages  and  per  cent  that  would  exist  if  the  rela- 
tion of  the  measurements  were  the  same  as  in  the 
group  with  lowest  foreheads. 

(14-5) 
(83.1} 

(15-4) 
(78.3} 

Width  of  the  Mouth1 

One  hundred  observations  on  the  Kharga  men  concerning  this 
feature  give  the  average  of  5.4  cm.,  representing  a  medium  dimen- 
sion. The  range  of  variation  is  not  very  large,  extending  over  13 
mm.  which  represents  ±0.12  per  unit  of  the  average.  The  distri- 
bution is  regular. 


1  Between  the  extremities  of  the  oral  fissure  with  the  mouth  closed  and  face 
at  rest. 


88 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    5Q 


KHAEGA  OASIS,    MEN:     WIDTH   OF  THE  MOUTH 

Number  of  individuals  measured :  100. 
Average:  5.4  cm.     (ist  50:  5.4;  2d  50:  5.4 cm.) 

Median  :   5.4  cm.     Mode  :   5.3  cm. 
Minimum  :  4.7  cm.    Maximum :  6.0  cm. 


£ 

a 

g 

a 

£ 

B 

o 

0 

u 

u 

o 

o 

B 

ON 

hH 

fO 

to 

tx 

ON 

g 

o 

4 

IO 

IO 

to 

to 

IO 

tx 

Jo 

£ 

c^ 

•* 

NO 

00 

0 

Tf 

TJ-                  10 

to 

to 

to 

to 

VO 

Number  and  per  cent  of  cases  . 

' 

5 

75 

w 

27 

18 

7(5 

4 

The  breadth  of  the  mouth,  as  will  be  more  clearly  seen  from  the 
succeeding  figures,  bears  to  some  extent  a  direct  relation  with  the 
breadth  of  the  nose,  the  breadth  of  the  face  and  especially  with  age. 


KHAEGA  OASIS,  MEN:  EELATION  OF  WIDTH  OF  MOUTH  TO  BEEADTH  OF 
FACE,  BEEADTH  OF  NOSE,  AND  TO  AGE 


23  narrowest  mouths:  5.1  cm.  and  less 

20  widest  mouths:  5.8  cm.  and  more 

Width  of 
mouth 

Breadth  of 
face 

Breadth  of 
nose 

Age  of 

ndividual 

Width  of 
mouth 

Breadth  of 
face 

Breadth  of 
nose 

Age  of 
individual 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

Years 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

Years 

4-7 

I2.g 

3-4 

36 

5-8 

13.0 

3-6 

24 

4-7 

13-0 

3-8 

38 

5.8 

13-0 

3-6 

26 

J:2 

12.9 
11.  8 

3-35 
3.25 

26 

23 

5-8 
5-8 

13.5 
13-9 

3-9 

3.65 

40 

45 

4.8 

13.0 

3-3 

24 

5-8 

13.7 

3-8 

40 

4-9 

12.9 

3.65 

25 

5-8 

12.9 

4.0 

58 

4.9 

13.2 

3-55 

32 

5«8 

12.0 

3*9 

40 

4.9 

13.1 

3-5 

24 

5.8 

13.0 

3*8 

50 

5-0 

12.5 

3.65 

45 

5-8 

13-9 

3.65 

48 

5-o 

12.9 

4.0 

28 

5.9 

13.6 

3.6 

27 

5-o 

13-2 

3-7 

24 

5-9 

12.8 

3-6 

50 

5-0 

13-8 

3.8 

50 

5-9 

13-6 

3-2 

40 

5-0 

13-4 

3-55 

28 

5-9 

13.8 

4-15 

50 

5-0 

13-4 

3-7 

55 

5-9 

I3-I 

4.0 

50 

5- 

12.9 

3.5 

5-9 

13.6 

4.1 

55 

5- 

13-4 

3-9 

60 

5-9 

12.9 

4.0 

55 

5- 

13-4 

3-7 

30 

6.0 

13.2 

4.1 

40 

5- 

13-0 

4.0 

48 

6.0 

13.2 

4-35 

55 

5. 

13-0 

3-7 

38 

6.0 

13.6 

4.1 

50 

5- 

I3-I 

3-7 

24 

6.0 

13-9 

3.8 

50 

5. 

12.9 

3-45 

26 

5- 

13.2 

3-5 

28 

5- 

13-3 

3-55 

54 

Averages: 


5.0 

13.05 

3.6 

35 

5.9 

13.3 

3.85 

44 

(II.  8- 

(3.25- 

(23-60) 

(I2.O- 

(3-2- 

(24-58) 

13-8) 

4.0) 

13.9) 

4-35) 

NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


The  older  adults  at  Kharga  ha-ve  in  general  broader  mouths  than 
the  young  adults,  and  a  correspondence  is  frequently  noticeable 
between  broad  noses  and  faces  and  broad  mouths.  The  nose  and 
mouth  influence  each  other  probably  but  very  little,  if  at  all,  but 
both  are  affected  alike  by  age  and  breadth  of  face. 

The  Bigonial  Diameter  of  the  Lower  Jaw 

The  greatest  lower  facial  breadth,  or  diameter  bigonial,  presents 
in  .the  Kharga  men  the  very  moderate  average  of  10.3  cm.  Weis- 
bach1  obtained  in  the  Patagonians  13.0;  Australians  11.5;  Maori 
11.4;  northern  Slavs  and  Roumanians  11.3;  Tagalogs  n.i ;  southern 
Chinese,  Magyars  n.o;  Javanese  10.9;  Gypsies  10.8;  Hawaiians 
10.7;  Jews  10.6;  Siamese,  northern  Chinese,  Congo  negroes  10.4; 
Japanese  10.2;  Kaffirs  10.1 ;  and  Hottentots  9.2  cm. 

The  range  of  variation  of  the  measurement  in  the  Kharga  series 
is  3.2  cm.,  equalling  ±0.156  per  unit  of  the  average,  which  is  not 
above  the  ordinary.  The  distribution  of  the  measurement  is  some- 
what irregular,  which  is  doubtless  due  to  functional  causes,  or  more 
directly,  to  uneven  development  of  the  masseters. 

KHARGA  OASIS,    MEN:     DIAMETER  BIGONIAL  OF  LOWER  JAW 

Number  of  individuals  measured:  100. 

Average:  10.3 cm.    (ist  50:  10.4;  2d  50:  10.2  cm.) 

Median  :  10.4  cm.    Modes  :  10  and  10.6  cm. 

.Minimum  :  8.9  cm.     Maximum  :  12. 1  cm. 

Table  of  frequencies: 


B 

c^ 

Tf 

VO 

00 

H 

M 

d    • 

<^-  i 

VO     . 

00     . 

g 

o    . 

O     . 

O     . 

0     . 

HH 

H-l          . 

W              • 

i 

7s  o 

1   o 

?l 

?l 

y  £ 

7  £ 

AS 

to  u 

XI 

3J 

S§ 

AS 

9s 

M. 

*? 

"? 

t" 

. 

o 

O 

o 

0 

o 

M 

M 

Number  and  per 

cent  of  cases 

1 

3 

3 

6 

8 

^^ 

11 

Ji7 

19 

13 

6 

5 

J 

The  bigonial  diameter  bears  a  direct  relation  with  the  greatest 
breadth  of  the  face  and  an  indirect  one  with  that  of-  the  head.  But, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  breadth  of  the  forehead,  the  dimension  aug- 
ments within  the  series  at  a  greater  rate  than  those  with  which  it  is 
compared,  in  other  words  it  is  enlarged  to  some  extent  through 
other  agencies  than  the  correlation  with  the  breadth  of  the  upper  face 


.  c.,  pp.  279-280. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


and  the  more  distinct  one  with  the  head.    These  conditions  are  seen 
clearly  in  the  following  table. 

The  increase  of  the  measurement  with  the  increase  in  the  breadth 
of  the  head  is  due  on  one  hand  to  the  correlation  with  the  latter  of 
the  breadth  of  the  upper  face,  which  in  turn  influences  the  lower 
jaw ;  and  on  the  other  to  .the  effect  of  the  broad  base  of  such  a  skull 
on  the  condyles  and  the  ascending  rami  of  the  lower  jaw.  Broaden- 
ing of  the  bigonial  diameter  independent  of  these  factors  is  due 
almost  entirely  to  the  action  of  the  masseters,  which  in  some  instances 
results  in  a  marked  eversion  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  jaw  at  the 
angle. 

KHARGA    OASIS,    MEN:     EELATION    OF    DIAMETER    BIGONIAL    TO    BREADTH 
OF  FACE  AND   BREADTH   OF   HEAD 


17  narrowest  jaws: 
9.7  cm.  and  below 

14  broadest  jaws: 
10.9  cm.  and  above 

1 
n;,  _                     Diameter 

»    -ass* 

Greatest 
breadth 
of  head 

Diameter 
bigonial 

Diameter 
bizygomatic 
maximum 

Greatest 
breadth 
of  head 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

8.9 

12.  1 

13.0 

10.9 

13  5 

14.2 

9.1 

12.6 

14.8 

IO.9 

13.1 

14.4 

9.1 

n.8 

14.0 

10.9 

13.0 

14-5 

9.2 

12.8 

14.7 

10.9 

13-4 

14.4 

9-3 

13.0 

14.0 

II.O 

13-8 

14.2 

9-3 

13.4 

14.2 

II.  O 

13-9 

14.4 

9-4 

13.2 

13-9 

II.  I 

13.7 

14.2 

9-5 

13-0 

13.3 

II.  I 

13-5 

14.4 

9-5 

12.9 

13-4 

II.  I 

13-4 

13.7 

9-5 

13-1 

13-9 

II.  2 

13.8 

13-4 

9-6 

12.8 

13-4 

II.  2 

12.6 

13-8 

9.6 

12.9 

13-8 

11.4 

13.6 

13-9 

9-6 

12.  0 

13.2 

11.8 

13.2 

14.6 

9-7 

12.9 

13.6 

12.  1 

13.6 

14.6 

9-7 

I3-I 

13-6 

9-7 

13-6 

14.2 

9-7 

13-3 

13.6 

Averages  : 


9-4 
(89-9-7) 

12.85 

(11.8-13-6) 

13.8 
(13.0-14-8) 

11.2 
(10.9-12.1) 

13.4 
(12.6-13.9) 

14.2 
(13.4-14.6) 

Per  cent : 


100 

73.1 

68.1 

100 

83.6 

78-9 

Averages  and  per  cent  that  would  exist  if  the  rela- 
tion of  the  measurements  were  the  same  as  in  the 
group  with  narrowest  jaws. 

(15-3) 
(87.1) 

(16-4) 
(81.1) 

NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA  QI 

The  Ears 

The  dimensions  of  the  ears  possess  certain  anthropological  value; 
the  small  ear  of  the  negro  is  clearly  separable  from  the  larger  one  of 
the  white,  and  there  are  probably  other  racial  differences. 

The  writer  measures  invariably  the  left  ear,  which  to  a  right- 
hand  observer  is  more  easily  approachable  with  the  instruments  than 
that  on  the  opposite  side,  and  the  measurements  taken  are  the  maxi- 
mum height  and  the  maximum  breadth.1 

The  average  height  of  the  ear  obtained  in  Kharga  men  amounts 
to  6.3  cm.,  a  relatively  large  proportion.  Two  hundred  and  fifteen 
ears  ( right  and  left)  of  Alsatian  and  German  males  from  20  to  over 
80  years  of  age  gave  Schwalbe  the  average  ear  height  of  6.59;  but 
the  125  of  these  ears  from  individuals  between  20  and  59  years  of 
age,  representing  a  more  suitable  group  for  comparison  than  the 
total  Schwalbe  series  which  includes  the  ears  of  many  old  individuals, 
give  the  average  of  6.33  cm. — much  the  same  as  at  Kharga.  The 
Alsatians  and  Germans  are,  however,  of  decidedly  taller  mean  stature 
than  the  Kharga  natives,  and  stature  exercises  a  certain  amount  of 
direct  influence  on  the  size  of  the  ears  irrespective  of  other  conditions. 

As  to  further  comparative  data,  Weisbach  records  the  ear  height 
of  6.4  in  the  Javanese,  6.3  in  the  Japanese,  6.2  in  Hawaiians,  6.1  in 
northern  Chinese,  Jews  and  Slavs,  and  5.9  cm.  in  Gypsies  and 
Kaffirs;  while  the  writer  obtained  the  average  of  5.99  cm.  in  20 
apparently  full-blood  American  negroes,  and  6.76  cm.  in  76  American 
Indians — all  males.  The  short  Kharga  natives  have  therefore  evi- 
dently an  ear  somewhat  above  the  general  average  in  length  and 
differing  very  perceptibly  in  this  respect  from  that  of  the  negro. 

The  range  of  variation  of  the  dimension  amounts  to  2.0  cm.,  or 
±0.159  per  unit  of  the  average.  The  distribution  of  the  measure- 
ment is  regular. 


'They  are  the  same  as  those  of  Topinard  (Elements  d'Anthropol.  gen., 
Paris  1885,  p.  1004  et  seq.),  Weisbach  (Zeit.  f.  Ethnologic.  IX,  Supplement, 
Berlin,  1878),  and  Schwalbe  (Beitrage  zur  Anthropologie  des  Ohres,  Vir- 
chow's  Festschrift,  1891,  p.  95  et  seq.)  The  breadth  is  measured  at  right 
angles  to  the  height;  the  fixed  branch  of  the  sliding  compass  being  applied, 
with  some  pressure,  parallel  to  the  long  axis  of  the  ear  and  so  as  to  touch 
the  anterior  subcutaneous  limit  of  the  cartilaginous  helix,  while  the  movable 
branch  is  brought  to  touch  the  most  posterior  part  of  the  skin  of  the  pinna. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS   COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


KHARGA   OASIS,    MEN:     HEIGHT    OF   LEFT   EAR 

Number  of  individuals  measured :  105. 

Average :  6.3  cm.     (ist  50 :  6.33 ;  2d  50 :  6.28  cm.) 

Median  :  6.3  cm.     Modes  :  6.2  and  6.4  cm. 

Minimum  :  5.4  cm.    Maximum  :  7.4  cm. 

Table  of   frequencies: 


B 

B 

B 

B 

EJ 

g 

B 

g 

u 

u 

g* 

u 

u 

o 

0 

g 

u 

u 

c 

vo 

00 

o 

CNI 

Tf 

vo 

00 

o 

w 

•<fr 

^ 

T 

10 

£ 

IN 

3 

^ 

^ 

1 

4 

1 

X 

1O 

10 

1O 

10 

VO 

vo 

vo 

vo* 

vo 

^ 

^ 

Number  of  cases  

2 

2 

8 

21 

18 

6 

3 

4 

3 

Per  cent  

1.9 

1-9 

7.6 

14.3 

27  .$> 

5-7 

The  breadth  of  the  ear  in  the  Kharga  natives  averages  3.7  cm. 
In  the  above  referred  to  Schwalbe's  series  of  Alsatians  and  Germans 
the  same  measurement  averaged  3.97  cm.,  or,  if  we  take  only  the 
group  of  125  ears  of  individuals  from  20  to  59  years  of  age,  which 
is  more  comparable  with  the  Kharga  series,  the  mean  breadth  was 
3.91  cm.  The  Kharga  men  have,  evidently,  an  ear  about  equally  as 
long,  or  only  a  trace  shorter  than  the  Alsatian  and  German  whites, 
but  one  which  is  distinctly  more  narrow.  The  group  of  20  American 
negroes  measured  by  the  writer,  and  who,  notwithstanding  their 
taller  stature  have  been  shown  to  possess  a  very  noticeably  shorter 
ear  than  the  Kharga  natives,  gave  a  nearly  equal  breadth  (3.69  cm.), 
as  the  latter,  showing  that  their  ear  is  relatively  broader ;  while  in 
the  76  Indians  the  measurements  averaged  3.87  cm. 

The  range  of  variation  in  the  breadth  of  the  ear  in  the  Kharga 
men  extends  n  mm.,  which  amounts  to  ±0.149  per  unit  of  the 
average.  The  distribution  of  the  measurement  is  less  uniform  than 
that  of  the  height  of  the  ear. 

KHAEGA  OASIS,   MEN:     BREADTH  OF  LEFT  EAR 

Number  of  individuals  measured:  105. 
Average:  3.7  cm.     (ist  50:  3.77;  2d  50:  3.66cm.) 

Median:  3.7 cm.     Mode:  j./cm. 

Minimum  :  3.3  cm.    Maximum :  4.4  cm. 

Table  of  frequencies: 


g 

B 

B 

B 

B 

B 

E 

B 

g 

B 

B 

u 

u 

0 

0 

0 

w 

0 

0 

u 

u 

0 

10 

If) 

IO 

10 

10 

10 

10 

1O 

1O 

10 

10 

m 

CO 

•<t 

10 

vo 

tx 

00 

O\ 

0 

CV1 

CO 

g 

T5 
CO 

"J 

Tf 

cp 
lO 

S 

fp 
t^ 

S 

•<*5 

ON 

1 

Tt 

j 

rf 

CO 

0 

•*• 

ro 

ro 

fO 

fO 

CO 

m 

fj 

"fr 

Tj- 

n- 

Tf 

Tj- 

Number  of  cases  

6 

5 

17 

13 

26 

15 

II 

6 

3 

I 

I 

j 

Per  cent  

5.7 

4.8 

16.2 

12.4 

24-8 

14.3 

10.5 

5.7 

2.9 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


93 


The  mean  of  the  two  measurements  of  the  ear(  -         -  Wives  the 

"dimension"  (etendue,  Topinard)  or  module  (Schwalbe)  of  the 
ear,  a  determination  useful  for  comparison.  In  the  Kharga  series, 
the  average  ear  module  is  5.0,  the  least  4.4,  and  the  greatest  5.75 
cm.  In  the  20-59  vear  group  of  Schwalbe's  series  the  module  aver- 
ages 5.12;  in  13  male  negroes  measured  by  Topinard  (1.  c.)  it  was 
4.78,  in  8  "  Europeans  "  4.86,  in  8  Melanesians  5.58  and  in  3  Poly- 
nesians 5.2.  In  the  20  American  negroes  measured  by  the  writer  it 
was  4.84,  in  the  76  Indians  5.3.  The  mean  size  of  the  ear  in  the 
Kharga  natives  stands  evidently  nearer  that  of  the  whites  than  that 
of  the  negro,  particularly  when  the  stature  differences  are  taken  into 
consideration. 

The  percental  relation  of  the  breadth  to  .the  height  of  the  ear 

f — VrIC~)  gives  the  ear  index,  which  is  of  some  racial  importance. 

In  the  Kharga  men  it  averages  58.9.  Topinard  (1.  c.)  obtained  for 
8  "Europeans"  54.0;  13  African  negroes  61.2;  8  Melanesians  59.5 
and  3  Polynesians  60.0 ;  while  in  Schwalbe's  series  the  index  ranges 
from  61.5  in  the  adults  between  20  and  59  to  58.7  in  those  between 
70  and  79  years  of  age.  The  20  American  negroes  measured  by  the 
writer  gave  the  mean  index  of  61.6,  the  76  Indians  57.2.  The  ear  of 
the  Kharga  men  may  therefore  be  regarded  as  a  relatively  narrow 
one,  in  which  respect  it  differs  from  that  of  the  Alsatians  and  the 
Germans,  so  far  as  represented  in  the  Schwalbe  series  and  especially 
from  that  of  the  negro. 

The  range  of  variation  in  the  ear  index  in  the  Kharga  men  is 
rather  large,  extending  over  17.4  units,  or  ±0.148  per  unit  of  the 
average.  Its  distribution  is  regular. 

KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:     EAR  INDEX 

Number  of  individuals  measured  :  105. 

Average:  58.9.     (ist  50:  59.5;  2d  50:  58.3.) 

Median  :  59.0.    Mode  :  group  58.5-60.0. 

Minimum  :  49.3.     Maximum  :  66.7. 

Table  of   frequencies : 


- 

£ 

\ 

J 

*j 

<$> 

«' 

^ 

? 

A 

S 

ON 

to 

JN,, 

O^ 

^O 

to 

fs^ 

* 

to 

10 

to 

to 

10 

VO 

VO 

VO 

Number  of  cases 

2 

1-9 

2 

1.9 

7 
6-7 

15 
74.  J 

21 
£0.0 

22 

-?i7.9 

;5.7 

"1     » 
J0.5   4.5 

I 

1.0 

Per  cent  

1  First  group  comprises  indices  to  50.5,  second  from  50.6  to  52.5,  etc. 


94 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


The  dimensions  of  the  ear  differ  in  the  whites,  it  was  shown  by 
Schwalbe,1  with  age,  both  the  height  and  the  breadth,  but  especially 
the  former,  increasing  up  to  at  least  the  7Oth  year  of  age.  The 
module  and  ear  index  modify  accordingly,  the  module  increasing,  the 
index  decreasing;  in  the  words  of  the  just  mentioned  author,2  "the 
ear  in  the  aged  is  on  the  average  absolutely  longer  and  broader,  but 
relatively  narrower,  than  that  in  the  young  adult.  The  same  condi- 
tions were  found  by  the  writer  in  the  Indians,  and  they  also  exist 
among  the  Kharga  Egyptians.  As  seen  from  the  following  table,  the 
average  height  of  the  ear  in  the  seventeen  oldest  men  of  the  series  is 
to  that  of  the  seventeen  youngest  adults  as  109.9  to  100;  the  breadth 
is  as  104.2  to  100;  the  module  or  mean  diameter  as  107.7  to  100; 
while  the  cephalic  index  is  but  as  94.6  to  100.  We  are  dealing  here 
evidently  with  morphological  conditions  of  wide  extension,  in  which 
racial  or  tribal  differences  are  restricted  to  degree  and  other  secon- 
dary features  of  the  phenomena. 

KHARGA    OASIS,    MEN:     DIMENSIONS    OF   EARS    ACCORDING   TO   AGE 


17  youngest  men:  21-26  years 

17  oldest  men:  55-65  years 

Age  of 
subject 

Height  of 
left  ear 

Breadth  of 
left  ear 

Ear  index 

Age  of 
subject 

Height  of 
left  ear 

Breadth  of 
left  ear 

Ear  index 

years 

cm. 

cm. 

years 

cm. 

cm. 

21 

6-0 

3-55 

59-2 

55 

7-i 

4-3 

60.  6 

22 

6.1 

3-85 

63.1 

55 

6-2 

3-3 

53-2 

23 

58 

3-8 

65-5 

55 

6-65 

3-9 

58.6 

23 

5-4 

3-45 

63-9 

55 

6.3 

3-9 

61.9 

24 

6.1 

3-3 

54-1 

55 

6.1 

3-9 

63.9 

24 

6.0 

3-6 

60.0 

55    • 

6.7 

3-75 

56.0 

24 

6.4 

38 

59-4 

55 

5-8 

3-6 

62-1 

24 

5-7 

3-3 

57-9 

55 

7-o 

3-8 

54-3 

24 

6.4 

3-75 

58.6 

55 

6-3 

3-5 

55^6 

25 

5-4 

3-5 

64.8 

55 

6.2 

3-5 

56.4 

25 

5-9 

3-3 

55-9 

55 

7-3 

4.2 

57-5 

3 

6.0 
6-45 

3-75 
3-65 

62.5 
56.6 

58 
60 

1:1 

3-5 
4.0 

49-3 
58.0 

26 

6-3 

3-7 

58.7 

60 

7-3 

3-7 

50.7 

26 

6.2 

3-65 

58.9 

60 

6.4 

3-5 

54.7 

26 

6.4 

3-7 

57-8 

60 

6-5 

3-5 

53.8 

26 

6-5            3-5 

53-8 

65 

7-4 

3-8 

5L3 

Averages : 


24.4 

6.05 

3-6 

59-5 

57 

6.65 

3-75 

56.3 

(21-26) 

(5-4-6-5) 

(3-3- 
3-85) 

(53-8- 
65-5 

(55-65) 

(5-8-7-4) 

(3-3-4-3) 

(49-3- 
63-9 

Module  :          4.8  cm. 

5.2  cm. 

General  averages  of  the  whole  series  (105)  :     Height  6.3;  breadth  3.7;  module 
5.0  cm.^index  58.9. 


c.,  pp.  123-124  et  seq. 


2  Ibid.,  p.  144. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA   OASIS HRDLICKA 

ADDITIONAL  MEASUREMENTS 


95 


It  was,  regrettably,  impracticable  to  secure  at  Kharga  any  meas- 
urements of  the  covered  parts  of  the  body.  It  was  observed  that 
the  chest,  abdomen  and  pelvic  regions  are  in  general  moderately 
developed,  and  so  far  as  could  be  perceived  they  present  no  uncom- 
mon features.  It  was  possible,  however,  to  measure  the  hands,  feet 
and  the  calf  of  the  leg,  with  the  following  results. 

The  Hand 

On  the  hand  the  writer  takes  two  measurements,  the  length  and 
breadth.  The  length  is  taken  in  full  extension  of  the  hand  from  the 
middle  of  a  straight  line  connecting  the  proximal  boundaries  of  the 
thenar  and  hypothenar  eminences,  to  the  tip  of  the  longest  finger. 
The  line  frequently,  but  not  always,  coincides  with  a  delimiting 
folding  or  wrist  line  in  the  skin.  The  breadth  measured  is  the 
maximum  breadth  of  the  palm,  taken,  in  full  extension  of  the 
hand,  from  the  angle  between  the  thumb  and  the  palm  across  the 
latter  at  right  angles  to  the  length.  These  measurements  secure, 
the  writer  believes,  the  expression  of  the  racial  features  of  the  hand 
better  than  others.  And  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  right  hand  is 
often  more  modified  by  the  work  or  habits  of  the  individual  than  the 
left,  measurements  are  restricted  to  the  latter. 

At  Kharga  the  left  hand  was  measured  in  100  men,  and  the  fol- 
lowing two  tables  show  the  results. 


KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:    LENGTH  OF  LEFT  HAND 

Number  of  individuals  measured :  100. 

Average:  19.0 cm.     (ist  50:  19.1;  2d  50:  18.9 cm.) 

Median :  18.9  cm.    Modes :  18.6  and  19.7  cm. 

Minimum:  17.2 cm.    Maximum:  21.7 cm. 

Table  of   frequencies : 


in 

o 

in 

g 
o 

m 

£ 
o 

m 

£ 
o 

»n 

t^   . 

00 

00     . 

ON 

o\  . 

o 

o    . 

,_, 

H 

11 

| 

r  e 

vi 

1% 

CM 

I 

1% 

1 

1% 

u 
tx 

t*+ 

lx 

00 

00 

ON 

o\ 

o 

?\ 

Number  and  per  cent  of  cases.  . 

1 

11 

18 

26 

15 

19 

6 

2 

1 

1 

SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


KHAEGA  OASIS,  MEN:     BREADTH  OF  LEFT  HAND 

Number  of  individuals  measured :  100. 
Average  8.8  cm.     ( I  st  50 :  8.9 ;  2d  50 :  8.7  cm. ) 

Median  :  8.9  cm.     Mode  :  9.1  cm 

Minimum  :  7.7  cm.    Maximum  :  9.8  cm. 

Table  of   frequencies: 


o 

E 

g 

E 

o 

E 

u 

0 

E 

o 

E 
u 

u 

U 

00 

0 

0) 

Tj- 

*o 

00 

0 

OJ 

•Tt 

M3 

00 

£ 

I 

"2 

% 

3 

1 

I 

J 

CO 

J 

2! 

^ 

^ 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 

ON 

o\ 

ON 

0 

Number  and  per  cent  of 

cases 

2 

1 

8 

o 

7? 

27 

19 

J7 

9 

A 

j? 

It  is  seen  that  the  average  length  and  especially  the  average 
breadth  of  the  hand  are  moderate.  The  range  of  the  variation  is 
proportionate,  extending  for  the  length  over  4.5  cm.,  or  ±o  118  per 
unit  of  the  mean,  and  for  the  breadth  over  1.9  cm.,  or  ±  0.108  per 

/      T  i        T) 

unit  of  the  mean.      The  hand  module  '        "" 


hand  index 


B 


f -  }  averages  13.9,  the 


46.3. 


The  Foot 

Conformably  with  the  practice  of  measuring  the  left  ear  and 
especially  the  left  hand,  the  writer  measures  also  the  left  foot.  The 
dimensions  ascertained  are  the  maximum  length  and  maximum 
breadth  (back  of  the  toes),  while  the  foot  reposes  so  lightly  on  the 
floor  that  there  is  no  deformation.  The  results  of  such  measure- 
ments on  103  of  the  Kharga  men  are  as  follows : 

KHAKGA  OASIS,   MEN:     LENGTH  OF  LEFT  FOOT 

Number  of  individuals  measured :  103. 

Average:  25.4 cm.     (ist  50:  25.6cm.;  2d  50:  25.2 cm.) 

Median  :  25.5  cm.     Modes  :  24,6  and  26.2  cm. 

Minimum:  20.3  cm.     Maximum:  28.4  cm. 

Table  of   frequencies: 


IO 

y 

10 

o 

1O 

u 

10 

o 

m 

u 

*t 

u 
n 

u 
t^ 

?s 

hH      V 

S 
v& 

fs 

-H      U 

1 

is 

t-t    U 

I 

!i 

tx 

5 

tx    . 

7E 

HH     O 

« 
4 

!e 

8 

SI 

0? 

PO 
M 

ot 

ct 

£ 

% 

* 

^ 

l-x 

01 

tx 

0< 

« 

Number  of  cases. 

i 

2 

3 

0 

7 

18 

IS 

13 

16 

9- 

5 

3 

2 

Per  cent  

1.0 

1.9 

2.9 

8.7 

6.8 

17.5 

14.6 

12.615.5 

8.7 

4.9 

2.9 

7.9 

NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


97 


KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:     BREADTH  OF  LEFT  FOOT 

Number  of  individuals  measured :  103. 
Average:  lo.ocm.     (ist  50:  10.1 ;  2d  50:  9.9  cm.) 

Median:  10.0  cm.     Mode:  10.1  cm. 

Minimum:  8.S  cm.     Maximum:  u.<?cm. 

Table  of   frequencies : 


£ 

E 

B 

s 

G 

B 

u 

u 

o 

o 

o 

c^ 

Ti~ 

*o 

00 

u 

M 

(j 

N. 

T 

^ 

00 

o 

o  ,_; 

Z  g 

?  a 

?  a 

M 

M    — 

00 
00 

00 

ON 

*? 

Q\ 

o°\ 

k 

o' 

d 

10  «-> 

d 

t>»  o 
d 

d 

M.   ° 

~ 

Number  of  cases. 

3 

2 

4 

4 

13 

14 

14 

14 

14 

8 

8 

3 

2 

Per  cent  

2.9 

1.9 

J.5> 

12.  6 

7J.6 

JJ.(5 

JJ.6 

7.8 

7.8 

^.9 

7.9 

The  preceding  data  show  that  the  foot  of  the  Kharga  men,  like 
the  hand,  is  of  moderate  proportions.  The  individual  variation  is 
but  slightly  larger  than  in  the  hand ;  it  extends  for  the  length  over 
8.1  cm.,  or  ±0.159  Per  umt  of  the  average,  and  for  the  breadth 
over  2.4  cm.  or  ±0.120  per  unit  of  the  average.  The  mean  module 
of  the  foot  (Jt-+_B_\  I?I)  the  mean  index  /  B_>^joo\  ^^ 

\  2          /  \  _L,  / 

These  dimensions  will  be  mainly  useful  for  future  comparisons. 

An  inquiry  as  to  the  bearing  of  stature  on  the  absolute  and  rela- 
tive dimensions  of  the  hands  and  feet,  brings  out  interesting  results. 
As  will  be  seen  from  the  following  figures,  there  is  a  clear,  direct 
correlation  between  the  height  of  the  body  and  length  (as  well  as 
breadth)  of  the  hands  as  well  as  the  feet;  but  the  index  in  each  case 
shows  but  little  alteration.  The  correlation  between  the  stature  and 
the  hand  and  foot  length  is  so  close  that  proportions  of  the  latter 
to  the  stature  are  almost  identical  in  the  shortest  and  the  tallest 
groups  of  the  series,  and  the  little  change  in  the  index  shows  that 
the  same  must  be  true  of  the  breadth  of  the  two  parts. 

Another  inquiry  was  directed  into  the  effects  on  the  hand  and  foot 
dimensions  of  age,  and  the  results  of  this  are  wholly  negative.  The 
differences  in  the  mean  hand  and  foot  length  (as  well  as  breadth) 
and  their  indices  between  the  group  of  the  youngest  and  that  of  the 
oldest  men  (both  groups  showing  nearly  equal  average  of  stature), 
are  so  small  as  to  be  quite  negligible. 


98 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:     RELATION  OF  THE  LENGTH  OF  THE  HANDS  AND 
FEET,  AND   OF   THEIR  INDICES,    TO    STATURE  AND  AGE 

Length  and  Indices  of  Hands  and  Feet  in  Shortest  and  Tallest  Individuals 

17  SHORTEST  MEN:  158.5  CM.  AND  BELOW 


Stature 

Length  of  left 
hand 

Hand  index 

Length  of  left 
foot 

Foot  index 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

152.3 

18.8 

47-  3 

23.7 

40-5 

153-6 

18.3 

47.0 

20.3 

46.8 

154-5 

44-3 

23.3 

37*8 

155-2 

18.3 

47.2 

24.1 

42.7 

155.7 

18.0 

50.6 

24.6 

44.2 

155.7 
155-9 

18.3 
18.6 

44.8 
45-2 

24.2 
24.9 

40.1 
39-8 

^S    7 

156.0 

18.3 

45-9 

23.5 

38.3 

156.5 

18.6 

43-0 

24.7 

36.4 

157-5 

18.1 

47.0 

23.9 

36.8 

157.6 

18.9 

46.0 

25.1 

39.8 

157-8 
158.3 

17.9 
18.4 

43-0 
47-3 

23.2 
23.9 

40.1 
41.0 

158.3 

18.2 

46.7 

24.2 

40.5 

158.4 

18.8 

46.8 

24.7 

42.1 

158.5 
158.5 

18.3 
18.6 

45-4 
44.1 

24.1 
25.4 

37.7 
39-8 

Averages; 


156-5 
(152.3-158.5) 

Proportion  to 
stature  (5=1000) 

18.4 
(I7.6-I8.9) 

H7-5 

46.0 
(40.3-50.6) 

2.4.0 

(20.3-25-4) 
153-4 

40.  3 
(36.4-46-8) 

17  TALLBST  MEN:  ABOVE  168.5  CM. 


Stature 

Length  of  left 
hand 

Hand  index 

Length  of  left 
foot 

Foot  index 

cm. 

cm. 

cm. 

168.6 

19.9 

49.2 

28.4 

38.4 

168.6 

20.  o 

45.5 

26.3 

39.4 

168.8 

19.4 

45-9 

25.2 

38.5 

168.8 

21.7 

40.5 

27-7 

37.6 

168.9 

19.9 

46.7 

26.2 

38.5 

169.4 

18.6 

44.6 

25.0 

38.0 

169.4 
169.4 

18.6 
20.4 

47.8 
45-6 

24.8 
26.2 

38.3 
38.2 

170.5 

19.7 

45.7 

27.2 

38.4 

171.3 

19.6 

46.4 

26.9 

39-7 

172.2 

18.5 

48.1 

25-5 

41.9 

172.4 

19.7 

48.7 

25.7 

42.0 

172.4 

20.1 

47.3 

26.9 

38.7 

172.5 

19.4 

46.9 

26.2 

38.5 

172.7 

19.9 

46.2 

25-9 

40.1 

173.8 

21-5 

44.6 

27.2 

39.3 

174.5 

19.4 

48.4 

27.1 

38.7 

Averages: 


170.8 
(168.6-174.5) 

19.8 

(18.5-21.7) 
115.9 

46.4 
(40.5-49.2) 

26.4 
(24.8-28.4) 
154.6 

39-1 

(37.6-42.0) 

NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


99 


KHARGA  OASIS,  MEN:   RELATION  OF  THE  LENGTH  OF  THE  HANDS  AND  FEET, 
AND  OF  THEIR  INDICES,   TO   STATURE  AND  AGE— Continued 

Length  and  Indices  of  Hands  and  Feet  in  Youngest  and  Oldest  Individuals 

17  YOUNGEST  MEN:  21  TO  26  YEARS  OF  AGE 


Approximate 
age 

Length  of  left 
hand 

Hand  index 

Length  of  left 
foot 

Foot  index 

Years 

cm. 

cm. 

21 

18.4 

46.2 

23-7 

42.1 

22 

19.1 

47.6 

24-7 

38.8 

23 

19.3 

43-5 

25-7 

38.5 

23 

17.9 

43-0 

23.2 

40.1 

24 

18.9 

47-6 

25.2 

42.1 

24 

18.7 

44.2 

25-7 

37-3 

24 

21.7 

40.5 

27.7 

37.6 

24 

19.0 

47-9 

26.2 

38.2 

24 

17.9    • 

47.5 

22.7 

43.2 

25 

18.1 

47-0 

23.9 

36.8 

25 

17.6 

46.6 

22.7 

40.5 

19.4 

43-8 

25.8 

39.1 

26 

18.9 

50.3 

26.2 

39.3 

26 

20.3 

46.3 

27.2 

38.2 

26 

18.6 

47.8 

24.8 

38.3 

26 

19.6  . 

44-4 

25.0 

37-2 

26 

19.7 

46.2 

27.6 

39-1 

Averages; 


24.4 

(21-26) 

19.0 

(17.6-21.7) 

45-9 

(40-5-50-3) 

25.2 

(22.7-27.7) 

39.2 

(37.2-43.2) 

17  OLDEST  MEN:  55  TO  65  YEARS  OF  AGE 


Approximate 
age 

Length  of  left 
hand 

Hand  index 

Length  of  left 
foot 

Foot  index 

Years 

cm. 

cm. 

55 

18.6 

44.1 

23-9 

41.0 

55 
55 

18.5 
18.7 

48.1 
49-7 

3j 

41.9 

4i'i 

55 

19.0 

45.8 

25.8 

38.8 

55 

18.0 

47.8 

24.9 

40.6 

55 

18.6 

43-0 

24-7 

36.4 

55 

18.9 

46.0 

25-1 

fyl 

55 

17.9 

45.8 

25-4 

38.6 

55 

18.3 

44.8 

24.2 

4O.I 

55 

18.3 

49.7 

25-5 

38.4 

20.7 

44-9 

26.7 

41.2 

58 

18.5 

45.9 

24.6 

39-0 

60 

19.1 

49-2 

25.6 

40.2 

60 

19.7 

45.2 

25-9 

40.1 

60 

19.0 

45.8 

25-7 

39-3 

60 

18.7 

45-4 

24.8 

38.3 

65 

17.2     . 

47.1 

23.6 

39-4 

Averages: 


57 
(55-65) 

18.7 

(17.2-20.7) 

46.4 
(43.0-49-7) 

25-2 

(23-6-26.7) 

39.7 
(36-4-41-9) 

The  average  stature  of  the  17  youngest  men  is  162.5  cm.,  that  of  the  17 
oldest  i6i.8cm. — no  influential  difference. 


100 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


Girth  of  the  Leg 

The  maximum  girth  of  the  leg  is  a  measurement  which  in  the 
main  indicates  the  individual  development  of  the  musculature  of  the 
part,  but  collectively  is  also  of  some  anthropological  significance,  for 
regardless  of  age,  health,  nourishment  and  exercise  of  the  part,  all 
of  which  agencies  affect  its  dimension,  there  are  certain  peoples, 
such  as  the  Indian's  for  instance,  who  have  in  general  a  smaller  calf 
than  the  whites. 

The  average  maximum  circumference  of  the  left  leg,  which  is 
measured  by  the  writer,  amounts  in  white  men  less  than  50  years  of 
age,  to  about  36  cm.,  in  the  Indian  the  writer  obtained,  on  200  indi- 
viduals in  good  state  of  bodily  preservation,  34.0  cm.,  and  in  20 
apparently  full-blood  American  negroes  36.9  cm.  One  hundred  and 
eleven  Kharga  men  in  good  condition  gave  the  mean  of  only  32.0 
cm.,  and  in  more  than  a  half  the  measurement  was  smaller.  The  sig- 
nificance of  this  relatively  poor  record  is  doubtless  in  the  main  not 
racial,  but  connected  with  the  poor  nutrition  of  the  majority  of  the 
Oasis  people  and  their  consequent  subnormal  development,  which 
was  shown  already  by  other  determinations. 

KHAKGA   OASIS,   MEN:     MAXIMUM  GIRTH  OF  LEG 

Number   of   observations:    in.1 
Average:  32.0  cm.     (ist  50:  32.1;  2d  50:  3 1.9  cm.) 

Median  :  31.5  cm.    Mode  :  31.0-32.0  cm. 

Minimum  :  27.3  cm.    Maximum  :  37.0  cm. 

Table  of   frequencies: 


E 

B 

B 

B 

B 

B 

B 

8 

E 

B 

o 

0 

o 

o 

u 

0 

o 

o 

o 

oo 

ff 

o 

ro 

£ 

s 

55 

JO 

VO 

Pj 

M 

HL 

« 

JL 

1 

*"? 

M 

i 

i 

HH 

04 

<$ 

$ 

& 

CO 

a 

^0 

CO 

? 

3 

^ 

Number  of  cases  

2 

3 

ii 

22 

23 

20 

17 

Q 

3 

I 

Per  cent  

1.8 

2-7 

p.p 

19-8 

20.7 

18.0 

J5.J 

8.1 

2-  7 

^.  9 

*No  cases  of  plain  emaciation,  senile  or  otherwise,  included. 

SUMMARY  OF  THE   MAIN  RESULTS    SHOWN   BY   MEASUREMENTS; 
TABLES  OF  COMPARISON 

The  Kharga  men  are,  on  the  average,  of  short  stature ;  the  head  is 
of  moderate  size,  medium  height  and  dolicho-  to  mesocephalic  in 
form ;  the  face  is  rather  narrow,  the  nose  mesorhynian,  the  mouth  of 
fair  size;  the  ears  are  rather  long  and  narrow,  the  hands  and  feet 
of  medium  proportions,  the  legs  small.  In  general  the  measure- 
ments indicate  a  rather  poor  physical  development. 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


101 


The  principal  available  data  for  comparison  of  the  measurements 
are  gathered  in  the  following  tables.  The  first  of  these  shows  the 
close  relations  of  the  Kharga  natives  with  the  Copt,  Fellaheen  and 
the  non-negro  Nubian ;  the  second  demonstrates  the  important  dif- 
ferences between  the  Oasis  men  and  the  Nubian,  Soudanese  and  the 
other  negroes. 


COMPARISON  OF  MEASUREMENTS  OF  THE  KHARGA  NATIVES  AND  VARIOUS 
OTHER  GROUPS  OF  EGYPTIANS  AND  NUBIANS  (MALES) 


Head 

Males 

Author 

Stature 

Length 

Breadth 

Cephalic 
index 

150  Kharga  Oasis 

Hrdlicka 

cm. 

161  8 

cm. 
18  9 

cm. 

I  A    T 

74   9 

127  Copts  

Chantre 

166.0 

i8-8c. 

14-2 

75-2 

91  Fellaheen 

Chantre 

168  4 

19  -O 

I  A  .  2 

74-  7 

134  Bedouins  

Chantre 

167.8 

10-27 

14-2^ 

73-9 

81  Ababdeh 

Chantre 

166  o 

18  9 

14    I 

74  .6 

64  Barabra  

Chantre 

168-2 

18-9 

14.4 

76-4 

78  Bicharieh  

Chantre 

16?.  -O 

18-1 

14    "3 

79  '0 

369  Egyptian  Moslems,  selected 
44  Copts    selected. 

Myers 
Myers 

about 

(171.0) 

(  171  •  O  } 

19.46 

TQ.  -30 

14-43 
14-  "*! 

74.26 
74.0 

Fa 

ce 

Nose 

Males 

Chin- 
nasion 
height 

Diameter 
bizy- 
gomatic 
maximum 

Height 

Breadth 

Nasal 
index 

Mouth 
breadth 

150  Kharga  Oasis  

II  .  -JET 

cm. 

IT.  .  1C 

cm. 

4-87 

cm. 

3.73 

76.6 

c.4 

127  Copts  

1^-2^ 

4.7)1 

3.6 

(77.6 

5-2 

91  Fellaheen  

I2.Q3 

4.6) 

3.7 

(81.0 

C.I 

134  Bedouins....  

13.2 

4-65-) 

3-56 

(76.6 

5-1 

81  Ababdeh  

I3-I 

(4-5) 

3-7 

(82.2 

5-2 

64  Barabra  

13-0 

(4-69) 

3.8 

(81-1 

5-3 

78  Bicharieh  

12-7 

(4-6) 

3.5 

(76.1 

5.0 

369  Egyptian  Moslems,  selected 
44  Copts,  selected  

n-45* 

11-47 

14.  363 
13.  665 

4-83 
4.78 

3-66 
3.59 

75.  & 
7J-7/ 

r* 

r6 

1  All  Chantre's  measurements  of  the  height  of  the  nose  are  evidently  too 
low;  no  such  low  averages  of  nasal  height  have  been  reported  on  non-negro 
populations  of  North  Africa  by  any  other  observer. 

2  595  individuals.  6  33  individuals. 

3  698  individuals.  6Of  42  individuals. 

4  Of  349  individuals. 


102 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    5Q 


COMPARISON  OF   THE  MEASUREMENTS   OF   THE  KHARGA  MEN  WITH  THOSE 
OF  SOUDANESE  AND  OTHER  NEGROES 


Peoples  (males) 

Kharga 
Oasis 

Negroes: 
Nilotic 
group 

Negroes: 
Nubian 
group 

Negroes: 
American 
(full  blood) 

Observers 

Hrdlicka 

Chantre 

Chantre 

Hrdlicka 

ICQ 

•2C 

26 

20 

AO 

36  •  2 

163.8 

174.  1 

169.0 

Height  sitting,  per  cent  of  total  height 

m  .26 

CI  .AT. 

Head: 

18  o 

l8-Q4 

18.98 

IQ-6 

14*  I 

T7  .QC 

14-  1 

JCQ 

Bi-meatus  line-bregma  height   cm 

1*1.2 

I  -3  .  C 

74.9 

73.66 

74.53 

76.3 

15-4 

16-0 

Per  mille  relation  of  cephalic  mod- 

04-0 

Q5-0 

Face; 
Chin-nasion    cm  ...       .       . 

IT   .  1C 

n.Q 

17.6 

17.05 

6.2 

A/  yo 
O-O5 

Diam.  bizygomatic  max.,  cm  

13-15 

86.3 

13-3 

I3-26 

13-97 
85-  1 

74-7 

73.5 

Nose: 
Height  cm  

A   8? 

4.08 

4.  2 

4.0 

Breadth  ,  cm  

1.7-J 

4.3 

4-42 

4-  57 

Index  

76-6 

105-4 

105.0 

92.5 

Diam    frontal  min     cm 

TO    •* 

jo.  6 

10.  T 

10.8 

Mouth,  widtn,  cm  

C.4 

5.3 

C.2 

5.7 

Left  ear: 
Height,  cm  

6.3 

5-90 

Breadth,  cm  

•3.7 

o  yy 
3-69 

58.9 

61  .6 

Left  hand: 

ig.Q 

20-0 

O      Q 

9.  1C 

46.3 

45-7 

Left  foot: 

25  .4 

26.8 

IO-0 

10-3 

39.4 

J£.J 

Left  leg,  circumference   cm    

1.2.  0 

^6-9 

9.  CONCLUSIONS 

The  Kharga  Oasis  Egyptians  are  people  in  general  of  somewhat 
subnormal  physical  development,  due  principally  to  long  lasting 
defective  nutrition. 

The  majority  of  the  people  are  as  yet  but  little  mixed  with  the 
negro. 


NO.    I  NATIVES   OF   KHARGA   OASIS — HRDLICKA  103 

Those  who  are  not  mixed  with  the  blacks,  show  a  fairly  uniform 
physical  type.  This  type  is  characterized  by  medium  brown  skin, 
horizontal  brown  eye,  black  and  straight  hair  (with  a  tendency  to 
wave  when  longer),  black,  straight,  wavy  or  slightly  curly  and  often 
scanty  beard,  moderate  stature,  dolicho-  to  mesocephalic  and  medium 
high  head,  oblong  and  meso-  to  orthognathic  face,  mesorhinic  nose, 
rather  long  and  narrow  ear,  and  moderately  proportioned  chest, 
pelvis,  hands  and  feet.  They  give  somewhat  higher  pulse  and 
respiration  than  the  average  in  whites,  but  perceptibly  lower  tem- 
perature, and  decidedly  lower  muscular  force. 

The  type  of  the  Kharga  natives  is  radically  distinct  from  that  of 
the  negro.  It  is  according  to  all  indications  fundamentally  the  same 
as  that  of  the  non-negroid  Valley  Egyptians.  It  is  in  all  probability 
a  composite  of  closely  related  northeastern  African  and  southwestern 
Asiatic,  or  "  hamitic  "  and  "  Semitic  "  ethnic  elements,  and  is  to  be 
classed  with  these  as  part  of  the  southern  extension  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean subdivision  of  the  white  race. 

Judging  from  the  mummies  of  the  Oasis  inhabitants  from  the 
2-5  centuries  A.  D.,  exhumed  at  El  Baguat,  the  type  of  the  present 
non-negroid  Kharga  natives  is  substantially  the  same  as  that  of  the 
population  of  the  Oasis  during  the  first  part  of  the  Christian  era. 
The  nature  of  the  population  of  the  Oasis  in  more  ancient  times  can 
only  be  determined  by  skeletal  material  from  the  ancient  cemeteries. 


In  order  to  facilitate  the  general  use  or  more  extended  analysis  of 
the  data,  the  detailed  measurements  are  appended.  There  is  also 
added  a  bibliography  relating  or  referring  to  the  Kharga  Oasis 
population. 


IO4  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS   COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 

10.  BIBLIOGRAPHY  RELATING  OR  REFERRING  TO 
THE  KHARGA  OASIS  POPULATION 

(For  older  bibliography  see  works  cited  in  the  text.) 

BALL,  J.  Kharga  Oasis:  Its  Topography  and  Geology.  Public,  of  the  Sur- 
vey Dept,  Cario,  1900  (on  cover  =="  Geological  Survey  Report,  1899"). 
i  vol.  8°.  Gives  archeological  survey  (locations),  also  population  statis- 
tics and  bibliography. 

BEADNELL,  H.  J.  L.  An  Egyptian  Oasis.  8°,  London,  1909.  General  observa- 
tions on  the  Kharga  Oasis  people.  Census  data. 

—  The  Oases  and  the  Geology  of  Egypt.     In  "The  Nile  in  1904,"  by 
Sir  Wm.  Willcox.    8°,  London,  1904. 

BEAU  DE  ROCHAS,  A.    Oasis  et  Soudan.    I  vol.  gr.  in  8°,  Paris,  1888,  pp.  1-64. 

BROWNE,  W.  G.  Travels  in  Africa,  Egypt,  Syria.  4°,  2d  ed.,  London,  1806. 
Kharga  =  p.  197  et  seq.  Observations  on  Dar-Fur.  Speaks  of  the 
caravan  from  Assiut  across  the  Oasis  to  Dar-Fur,  and  of  acquisition  of 
slaves  by  the  Oasis  people — nothing  at  all  about  people  themselves. 

BRUGSCH  BEY,  H.  A  History  of  Egypt.  2d.  ed.,  2  vol.  8°,  London,  1881. 
Banishment  to  the  Gr.  Oasis  during  the  XXI  Dyn.  vol.  II,  201,  203. 

—  Reise  nach  dem  grossen  Oase  el  Khargeh  in  der  Libyschen  Wuste, 
1878. 

CAILLAUD,  F.  Voyage  a  1*  oasis  de  Thebes  et  dans  les  deserts  situes  a 
1'orient  et  a  1'occident  de  la  Thebaide,  fait  pendant  les  annees  1815  a  1818. 
Redige  et  public  par  Jomard.  Paris,  Imprimerie  Royale,  1821-1862,  2 
vol.  gr.  in  folio,  en  feuilles. 

DROVETTI.  Itinerary  of  an  Excursion  to  the  Valley  of  Dakel.  New  Voyages 
and  Travels,  Vol.  7,  London,  1822. 

EDMONDSTONE,  A.  A  Journey  to  Two  of  the  Oases  of  Upper  Egypt.  8°, 
London,  1822.  Contains  references  to  ancient  writers  who  mentioned 
the  Oasis — but  little  of  value.  No  personal  observations  on  the  people. 

GOLENISCHEFF. 

GUEST,  A.  R.  The  Oases  of  the  Mudirieh  of  Assyut.  Geogr.  Journ.,  Vol. 
16,  London,  1900. 

HERODOTUS.    Thalia. 

HOSKINS,  G.  A.  Visit  to  the  Great  Oasis  of  the  Libyan  Desert.  8°,  London, 
1837.  Limited  notes  on  the  Kharga  people — nothing  of  great  importance. 

HUME,  W.  F.  The  South-Western  Desert  of  Egypt.  The  Cairo  Scientific 
Journal,  Vol.  2,  August-Sept.,  1908. 

DE  MORGAN,  J.  Recherches  sur  les  origines  de  1'Egypte.  8°,  Paris,  1897. 
"  Paleoliths  "  found  on  the  Oasis  and  between  it  and  Abydos. 

LYONS,  H.  G,  Notes  sur  le  Geographic  physique  des  Oasis  de  Khargueh  et 
de  Dakhel.  Bull.  Soc.  Khed.  de  Geogr.,  Fourth  Series,  No.  4,  Cario,  1894. 

MASPERO,  G.  Histoire  ancienne  des  peuples  de  1'Orient  classique.  3  vol.  in 
gr.  8°,  Paris,  Vol.  I.  1895;  Vol.  2,  1897;  Vol.  3,  1908.  References  to 
Oasis  of  Kharga  I,  431-432,  Vlth  Dyn.,  Hirkhouf's  expedition.  Nothing 
more  than  Breasted. 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA  IO5 

QUATREMERE,  E.  Memoires  geographiques  et  historiques  sur  T  Egypte,  et 
sur  quelques  contrees  voisines.  2  vol.  in  8°.,  Paris,  1811.  Gives  all 
known  about  the  "  Blemmyes " — Vol.  2 ;  Nothing  on  the  Oasis  except 
mention  of  its  devastation  by  the  Blemmyes. 

SAVARY,  C.  E.  Lettres  sur  1'Egypte.  3  vol.  in  8°.,  1777.  English  translation, 
2  vol.,  8°.,  London,  1887.  Mention  in  Vol.  2  the  fact  of  exiles  being  sent 
to  the  Oases,  but  nothing  on  inhabitants. 

SAYCE,  A.  H.  History  of  the  Egyptian  Oases.  The  Egyptian  Gazette,  April 
6,  1905. 

SCHWEINFURTH,  G.  Notizen  zur  Kenntniss  der  Oase  El-Chargeh.  Peter- 
mann's  Mittheilungen,  Vol.  21,  1875,  Heft  10,  pp.  384-393.  Notes  on 
archaeological  remains  of  the  Oasis,  including  El  Baguat.  Nothing  on  the 
people  or  their  history. 

ZITTEL,  K.  Beitrage  zur  Geologic  and  Palaeontologie  der  Libyschen  Wuste. 
Rohlfs'sche  Expedition.  8vo.,  Cassel,  1883. 


io6 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


II 

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tx  rf    *  co  O*N  M  VO*  CS      •  to  ON  fOOO   Tt-^TJ-IlxoJ     I     I     *.     *roC^TJ-a\rotN.rooio\tN. 
txtx    -txt>xlxtxtx    .txtxt^txlx    -tx    -rxfx    .     •     •     -txtx  txvO  tx  tx  tx  tx  fx  tx 


\f)  10  IO 

otoi  M  co    \^     MCOC*MI^*HOO»S  too  vo 


t^oo  ooo  oo3  ooS'oo  oo^o^oo  oo"oo  oS  oo^oo  o\oo  oo  oo  tx  R!OO  oo"oo  a?  o^oo  c»  oo  o?  oo^oo 


M       c      \  I-H  v     c^  TJ-  1-1  «o  <N  rt-  o<     \  --o  v     ^ov         foo    M  vo 


txoq    •HHoqcoi-Hfo  . 

•  vo  io\o'  vo*  vo'    •  vd  iovd  tovd    -vo'    -vo'vo    •    •    •    'vo'vo'vo*  txvd  vo  vo*  vo*  tovo* 


q^   •  w  q    •    •    •    •v 

1X00*     '  tx  1X00*  VO*  tx    '  00*  VO  l^VO*  00*     *  VO*     •  txOO*     "     •*     "     •'  txoo"  IN.  O\  tx  tx  txOO*  vo*  l^  6\ 


txvq  q  o^  01  oq  oq  q\  ^t-  tovq  q  **  q  q\vq  q\  q  "poq  totxtxq\qNtxtxq\«N  Tj-upq  txi-i 

o  M  o*  6  H"  M  6  d  w  M  d  M  M  oi  d  6  w  M  M  M  o*  o*  M  6  •-*  d  o"  o*  M"  w  M  M  d  oi 


q\  q  q\  q  <N  txoq  q\  N  ^-  to  tovq  roq  q  ^^70^0;  oj  q\oj  Tj-q  q 

co  co^o  coc^J  d\oJ  tocototoTJ-oNtxtoi-i  d  to  rj-vd  co  tovo  o>  >-<  cotoo*  Tttototxd  <-• 

C\  ON  O\  O\  OsOO  O>ONONONONONO\O\ONO\^O\ONOvONO\ONONOvOAO\O\O\ON  OvOO  ON  ON 


M  tx  O   <N   fOOO   OOdlxOtoCNvNtxcotxtxtotx  fxOO   M  to  O  O  COOO  O   co  CO  co  co  tx 

vq  ^  Tf  CN  q  ^  q  w  M  CN  tx  fN  oq  io  q  <N  q  to  01  oq  rj-  w  txoq  coiow  •-<  *>  "?  N  ^f?1^ 


to     to   to     to     to  10  to         to     to  to  to       to     to 

Ttoq  q  q  q\  to  q  vq  vq  oq  covq  ^"^q^^  t>^°.  "P^^  "*  ^^  ^t  "^   ' 

cocococooi   cocoo*   0*   oj  coCS   co  <O  C*   coo*   cocooJ   cococofooj  cococococoo"  (N   coco 


Ov  N   CXOQ   O\O^*OHC\jirjk~,  lx\O  ^XD   O   <\l  X3   H  OQ  OQ   <\i 

tx  H    -  ' 


>o  ex  o 

<Vj   <O^   <V|  ^i-Ov^^OOv 


Tt-  ONVO  VO   Ol  torj-vN  txTfVN   -^txcoON  -^-00  T}-VO  VO  to  O  to  co  co  ON  txvo  M   HH  txOO   O  O 


q  vq  vq  q  q  ^t-vq  oq  q  vq  vq  tx  -^oq  TJ-  M  fyq  >->  to  to  to  oj  q\oq  01  q  q\  to  q  to  co^q  q\ 

CJNOO  00   OvOO*  00  OO  00  0\OO  ONOO   OvOO  OO  O\CC  00  00*  00  00  00  OsOO  00*  O"N  O*  00*  O*N  O*NOO*  OO  00  OO 


ON      i-  i-  o  H       ON  M  HH  <N  -    o          oo  <N  M  o  «  T-      o  M  H   «  «  o   •-          v  o  »- 

lOrftototOTflOtOTt'tOtotOtOlOtOtO^lOtOtOtOtOtotOtOtOtOtOtOtOtO'^tOt 


vq  M  10  TJ-  rj-oq  oq  vq  q\  OM-H  o\  q\  q\vq  IN  w  oj  TJ-  q  tx  ON  M-  co  q  ^oq  oq  vq  «  q  co  ON  co 
oo^oo"  ^oo"o?oo"o^  R  Roo  co  oo  oo  oo  Roo"oo  o§  oo^oo  oo^oo^oo  o^o^o?  o^oo"o^oo"oo  oo  QO  co 


q  "pvq  ^oj  q  .  . 

VO  ^O  tovo  VO  t^vo  tovo  vo  VO  NO  to  to  tovo  NO  NO  NO  toNO  tovo  tovo  vOvONONONONONOO  t>» 


ONQtoiOQ   OtoOtoONCNjOO   TfOO   OOOOO-^-OtOO  toOO  txO  txtoO  tocoONO 

CN|    1Q1QQ)     TftQCOtOtOtN     CQTj-Cq     rj-lQtOlQ  IQVQ    tQ-^-Tj-tOTtCOM     CQCN    fN    tOtQCpOj    tQ 


22  S  S  -  - 


no 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


xapui  IBSB^[ 


CK^^CX 
o  oo  ^  10 


ON  01  00  Ov^O  t^  OMO  O  00 


UOISBU  o)  jqSpq  : 


HHVO  fO  OVO   Tj-  H-I   M   ON  01   O   fCOO   ON  M  CO   O   ^ 


DiuiouSoisAqj 


.     •O>-'t"*NO<N     • 
•     •  t^OO  tx  t^OO  t^- 


If)  IT)  \T) 


w   COOO   CO  ONOO  VO  00   ON  01    O   >-<    H-<    TJ-  ON  vo 

Tf  VONO"  ON  ON  O  ON  01   04   I-H   O  VQ  co  Ol   ON  t^  ON  T}-  t^vQ  coOO  IN.  O 
CC<X>OO<X)  t^  O>OO  CO  00   ONOO  00  00   ON  f^OO  OO  GO  00  OO  00  00  00    ON 


•XBIU  •UIoSA'ziq  'UIFIQ 


O  rj-  tx  vo  tv. 

fO  04   co 


ON  N  vo 


(uoinuD-uotsBu) 

J° 


o  t^vo  HH    •    •  q  vo  01  ONVO  vo   •  vo  q    •    •    •    •  oq  q  oq  vq  01 
vo  vovo    •  vo  r^    •    •    •    • v 


•    -orxoiTt-tHoi    ^qv 

VO  txoo  OO     •     •  ONVO  t^  t^vo  tx    « OO  tx 


•  oo  oo  r^oo 


t^OO  VO  O^OOO  O 


<N  O  00 


jq3taq 
•SA    Q|npoui     D; 


O  1-1  vo  »-i 


'-i  i-<  rftxi-i  i-i 
O   ONONONO  ON 


ainpom  oil! 


01   U 

-pn«  -jaq  »ui| 


I«J»1BJ 


ID  xo  TJ-  ON  O 


^  fOwVO   0400 


O  Tf  ro  c^VO 


•jsod  -JOB  -p  :peaH 


M  oq  ON  oj  0}  ONVO  rooq  01  q  q\  ro  01  rtoq  rooq  vo 

00  00  ON  ON  ON  ON  ONOO  ON  ONOO  00  ONOO  ON  ONOO  OO  ON  000  OO"  00  00 


qj3ua|  IKJOI jo 
JOOD  jad  iqSiaq  3ui 


»!S 


vqqTrrj-txT^-i-iH-cr^qq'-ivqioojoj  r*>oq  oq  vo  vo  -^-  vooq 

VO  "^VO  ^o  O  co  t*^  vovO  01   Tt*  »— (  OO  VO  vo  HH   O  co  lx  ONOO  VQ  VO  ON 

oooooooooooooooooooooooo  r^oo  oo  oo  oo  oo  oo  oo  oo  oc  6(5  t^ 


jq8iaH 
s2v  aicuiixoaddy 


co  q  oq  q  vo  ONOO  ONOO  vo  ONOO  r^  q  vq  ON  co  M 

!>.  Tf  ^  O  t^.  oi  vovo   rf  CO  M   M  1000  txOO   01   TJ-  vo  o'   «   Ix.  CJN  6 

VO  VO  vo  ^OVO  vO  *^i  i-O^O  vo  Is*  t"xvo  vo  ^O 


NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA 


III 


00  VO  O 


I-H   0)   OMO  *-<   O 


i  O  00  i^  O   t-H   (^ 

ONOOOOOOOO   ON 


M      v     Tto  v    o    <N  r*  r>. 


^o  HH  tx  q\  q\  Tj-vq  w  q  vq  q\  rx 
o  M  d  co  d\  w  M  M  w  6  o  M 


10  q  q\  co  T}-  "poo  01 

-3-  co  10  rfvo   I-H  oj  HH   I-H   •-!  6  tx 

O\  OOO  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  (^  ONOO 


q  c^  o<  co  <N  Tt  q  HH  t^vq  t>.  tv. 

ON  ^00*  ^00  00   O\  O\00  00  00*  00 


ONVO  00  00   ^tOO   <N   0)   txOO  t^  Tj- 
O  ^O   ^  "^  "^  01   O  VO   co  01  u*^  hn 

d  d  d  d  ^  co  cooo  M  tx  d  d\ 


ON  HH  covq  ^  "p^q  to  »o  ct  vo  po 
6  TfTtcodoo'oo  I-H vd  ^4-io 

OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO  txOO  00 


10  q  q  *q  co  H-I  i-i  01  rt-  up 

VO  VO  vO  M3  lovo  vo  vo  VO 


112 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


txvo  vo  tovo  ^O  ^O  VO  *O 


O\    •   rj- 

l-HM 


pueq  "I 


OOtotototoooto 

vd  I-H  ro  to  o\  d  i-I  w  06 

01   T}-  co  01    Ol   •^•0)   CO  01 


jl          +l 

+ 


x    *S 
- 


11-ssi 


u 
ui         c 

JS       o  bo  oo  bo  be  be  be  bo  bo  be  be  bo  bo  bo  be  bo  be  bo 

H     HHHHHHHHHHHh'H  HHHHH 

*  £::::£:::::    E:  :     .  E  E  E:    E:  : 

rt  CX  rt  B  Oi  C8  Oi       Cd 

«•«  P-Q^P.  OOQ^OOOOOOQOQtOOO^tp 

p 

00  txvo  to  co  O  i-<  01  tovo  ON  >->  «-i 

ww         .  w-v 

i  ™  a  X          C>  ON  ON  ON  ON  ONpNONONONONC>O\ONON  ON  ON  ON  ON  ON  Q\  ON 

ioqvON"-<qixtxTt-qt-<qtoo 

!     '.     '.     '.     '.     '.     *.     *.     '.     '.     '.  I-H  TJ-  co  ro  01   6   OJ  f->  01  fO  OJ  ro  fO 
cocorofOPOrofO^fOfOfO^^ 

o- ~^^~ 

xapui jooj 

OO  NO  t^-00  t^^O  NO  fO  04  00  fOOO  tx  up  to  fONO  ON  -^  O  T|-  Tj-00  VO 
qjpiM  'jooj  jjaq         6>6>OO»odoO^OOOOOOo6vOOo6dOO> 

ON  ON  04  »O 
'jooj  jjaq 

1-1  NO  •-<  <*500  ^"NO  <^00  NO  04  tx  rfNO  O  04 

rf  txo6  lx  TTOO  tx  O  tx  ^  toOO  NO >d.  ^  Q\  t>  O\vp  10  tx  to  »0 

qjpiM  'pueq  Jjaq         QQ  Q^QQ  QQ  ^QQ  d\  O\  ON  ONOO  ON  ON  ONOO  ONOO  ON  0*00   ONOO  ONOO 
tot>.TTTfiOOOOOO   ONfOO  COO  IXM  txcoOOO 


CNJ  vo  HH  HH  rx  tovq  vq  oj  covq  >->  ON  »ooo  tx  looq  ON  tx  co  04  oq  HH 

d\  d  d  d  d\  o  d  d  o  ON  o  o  dv  d  o\  o\  o  o  ON  o  o\  d  d  w 


•uira  IBJUOJJ  -ui 


00  O  -^  Tf  CO  tOOO  CO  tx  to  rf  PONO  ON  tx  M 


O  >O  O  00  ON 


OOOOOOONOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 


i-i  04  CO  Tt  iO\O 


ON  O  <->  04  co  ^t  to\O  txOO  ON  O  w  01  f^  rf 


o^o1^o?oT 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA    OASIS HRDLICKA  113 

to  to  to  toto  10      to  to      to 

OOO  t^-vo  rtfxlxtoOvi-iOO  to  tovo  tx  O  t^OO  tx  tovo  VO  00  O\  tx  toOO   OMO  tx  O  00  fO 


q  ^r  u->  04  9*  "t  9*  *>  "!  °°.  °°.  "?  "t  9  ^^  *?  *1  M.  T  N  oq  H!t>91"9TthH.  9v 

to  iovo  \o  tovd  tovd  vd  vd  vd  vd  vd  vd  vd  tovd  vd  vd  vd  txvd  (NiVO  vd  VO  to 


$  \O  10  N  M  too-     s  I-H  IN.    .VO    .  to  u->  rv    0  v     cvo    tooo     v      to  >-H       w      v 

0,MI-H0404l-H  W     04      W      I-H      04          .04040404l-H.-1|-HhH04l-ll-H          .     O4      04     £}    04     ft  M 


•g»  tototo  •  u  •  u 


to      «•  c  |>  e       v     04  tx  HH  IN.    \     v     >-<  tv.  r       o    ^  tv     to  vo     o    rx  to 

f^04co01c^Cl(M     .fOO)Tf 


•8 

II  ^  I 

%  °'^      ff  "S'w 

III  ll^l      11 

a E I  ,  8  8+S  , + 


bflbcbbflb)  bcbtbot  b0       bflt    bcv  b)  b        b   bfl 

HHHHH  HHHH     H  H^      HHH^HH     HH 


rt  O,"    *     rt"     d~     '     cj"  S 


(N  q  I-H  Tj-i-i  cotorfi-i  up 
w  CO  CO  CO  w  w  01  rj-  rf  00  O\  6  O  6  O  HH'  t-i  (Nl  <N  01  <N  M  w  CO  CO  CO  Tf  w  M  01  (N  01 


to  rt-  M  too    coo  oo 


to 

to  coo        --  <r>  oj  tx  M  co  roo  oo  T*"u^      " 


t>.  q  vq  -^  q  q\  «  to  q  vq  ONOO  oooq  "-<vq 
6\6\  o\od 


up  q  q  vq  f^vq  q\oo  ^^cKojtxqoj 

^o?^  ot^  ototo?^  o?^  cT8  ^«r^^cf^eTS  ot^o? 


vq  M  w  Ti-  tovq  q\  q\oq  to  up  oj  q  ^  q  oj  eo«o«oooqo*O.NO  tooq 

o  tN.toTt-c>dod  c^tv.TfcoforxiN.  fovd  vd  oo  to  to  rxvd  t^  o>  t^  ^t  to^     tr>  tooo 


I-H  01  q^q  ONTtcotoo  q  HH  TttxqiN.  o  tx  MOO  tow  oj 

o  0  0  o      \  d\  6\  OMDO  oo'  oo*  oo  06  6\oo'  c>  o»oo"  c^oo*  oo'  oo'  c>  d\oo'  oo'  oo'  c>oo  oo 


oj  upvq  \q  qvq  ^q  q  f»poi  >-<  q^q  r^coo  qvqvq  q\  •-"  qv>-i  01 

*  °  ^  C*00'  ^^  C>  O  OO  Ov  OvOO  OO'  Ov  ONOO  00  tx  OvOO  ON  ON  O  t>. 


q  ^txi-ivqto  t^^q  co  q  «>»  co  o<  t^oq  >-<  ON  rt-  q\ 
tovo  to  to  to  to  to  T}-  to  to^o 


rt-  04  o       v     rr  •*o    co      M       o\  -    *o    01  to     vo 


tx      too  v     t>.      «        w  o  ^t  T-  N  *   *      *  o  t        w  tv.\\\o    o  co  oq  ix  o 


tOVO  txOO   Ov  O   I-H   01   oo  rf  tovo  tXOO   O  O   w   01   ro  rf  tovo  1^00   O  O 
04    04   04    04    04    OOCOCOC^fOrOCOCOcrjCOrtTfrtrtrrrrrtrfrrl-rttO 


M   01   ro  Tf  tOvO 


114 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


IO  IO  IO  IO  to  IO         IO 


qip^a 


UOUOBJi 


QiOOOiOO      -OOOOOO     -OiOtOU->O 


ONVO  T»-  t^OO     .t~NH-it>xi-iONT}-    .fOOO 


pinjq  - 


b 
H 


b   t 
HHH 


b   b 


E.  e 


.  10  O  "<tVO  »^  ^l-O  VO  00  00  VO   ON  O  tx  Tj-QO   O  00   HH  OO   O  00  ^f 


•aqnj 


-qns) 


O\00  <N  00  O  O\VO  r>»  OM-I  (M  00  ^00  ON  C^   CM   <N  00 


•XBUI  -ranDap  *3»i 


xspai jooj 


qjpiA  'jooj  y«q 


I-H   f^t-H\O  O  fOtoOl   O 


qj«u3t  'jooj  jj»q 


O\00 


0100 


xapui  PUBH 


qiSaaj  • 


OOO   t^  OvOO  000000000000000000   ONOO.  ON  ON  ONOO    O>00   OiOC 
^   O   ON  t^>>  t^  <^5  f5  <"^00   ^fNO   f^vO  *O   O   t^  tx  O   t^xiOvOfO  TfVO 


00  txOO  00  00  00  00  00  00  OvOO  ONOO  ON  -i   ON  O\  ONOO  ONOO  00   ON 


qipiM  'qinoW 


ONOO  00  OJ   1-1   co  O 
IO  to  rj-  to  to  lOVO* 


t^  CO  ^  >H 


I«iao8jq 


6&6>666~6\~66&66666666666~ 


•aim  JBJUOJJ  *UI«IQ 


HH  NO  to  CO  <r>NO  00   "<t  tx  O    •^- 

doNddNddddo'dNddddddddddNONOvdo' 


NO.    I  NATIVES    OF    KHARGA   OASIS HRDLICKA  115 


to  to  to  to 

01   to  Tf  to  tN.00  000000   Tj-  to  Tj-  to  CO  IN.VO   O 


CO  co  co  CO  co  co  CO 


IN.  HH    to  tN.00    HH  VO    Tj-  tO 

vo"  vd  vd  vd  vo  vo*  ^_J^^^Q^^Q^^^^^^_^G_^^^Q^Q^Q_^Q_ 


qqqqtoqqqqqtoqqqiotoqqqoqqtoqqqqqq    •  oqo 

tN,  co  ro  d   O   O   TJ-  M   IN.  d  vd  «*5  Q  O  vd  to  covd  tovo  vd  TJ-  tovd   <Nt-ninro6\    •    (NvdtN. 

_M  _ro  (N.  cvi   (Scowci   01   01   i-oi   01   O)   P-H    h-   M    «    MC^MMOJ^   01   f^rorOOl     .    ro  01   « 


io^oioxoio  •       oo 


b       b  bobo  b  b 


a, 


ON  to  ON  coOO  "b~6b"  ON "rf  00~~tO~cKOO  \O   Tl-  OvOO     •  tN, 


t-i  ONi-ttN.01  co  tN,v     PO  co  IN.  u  10  "oo    •  o 


w  TJ-  10  upoo  oivqoooo  cv|  inoi  IN.  q\vq  rooo  9  "^  "*?" 
'  M  oi  od  ds  co  IN.  1006  vd  d\od  tN.  ON  6  vd 

-coco-^-co 


q  oq  >H  co  HH  to  M  q  ^  IN.  q\oq  «  oq  01  TJ-  to  tooq  o\oo  01 

o\d\  d\od  6v  6\  6\ 


01  ^oq  »H  oivq  •^•tN.Ttq  q\tN.qNO  cotoqoq 

>O    >O  tOVO  VO    ^  tOVO    ^l"  to  Tf  01  VO    tOVO    to  ^  ^J-  CO  to  Tf  >O 
01010101CV1010101010101010101010101010101M01 


to 

VO  fN.00  rJ-O\tN.i-(   O\cOTfO  tovO   01  00  to  O   Tf  CO  ^  tN.QO 


to  ON  CO  tOVO   tN,  ^  rt  O   tN.00   IN.VO   to  rf  IOVO   IO  Tf  IOVO 


co  <-t  tooq  HH  01  01  co  HH  1-1  vq  "poo  rj-vq  vq  tN,  tooq 

6\  QsOO  OO  ON  ONOO   O\  ON  QNOQ  00*  00  00  00  00*  OO  OO  tN.  QsOQ  QQ 
^  co  ^-  rf  Tf  covO  tN,  H-I  01   ON  ON  ONVO   Ol   O\  ON  tN.vo   M   ^   r*' 

o<  _  S  2s  °^  P^'S  ° ' 


coo    --o    ONto      HH      v     >->  co  rx  10  to  tx     o 


»-i       1-1  ONOO  tool  ••^NOI  oitN.\      cooiv     HH 


co  Tf  tovo   t-NOC    ON  O   ^01   co  rf  io\O   lN.00    O\  O   ^    Ol   co  Tf  iO\O   IN.QO   ON  O   >-<   01   co  ~T  »O 


n6 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


g               q,p*;>..a 

JJj                          jqSpH 

.2 

u 

.«       «       p°«q  'i 

i    i 

* 

esent  state  of  health 

"So 

I 

3 

0 

aj--i  —  i  —  u-i-H  —  i  —  UH  —  i  —  i  —  h  ;  4-  ;  :  :  : 

PH 

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1 

11 

E 
H 

uop^dsaH 

asm  j 

-qns)  aaniBjadinaj, 
•xeui  'uinDap  '3»i  yaq 

xapui  jooj 

qjptAv  'jooj  ysq 

qiSuaj  'jooj  yaq 

xapui  puBu 

qipiM  'pueq  yaq 

qj3u»i  'punq  yaq 

tl,p.m'q,noW 

I«iao3iq  -IULMQ 

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J3quinK 

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NO.    I 


NATIVES    OF    KHARGA   OASIS HRDLICKA 


Il8  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    59 


The  following  series  of  plates  illustrate  the  Kharga  natives  from 
the  nearly  adult  to  the  aged,  showing  the  principal  physiognomic 
variations. 


• 

^^^^^^^^^^^1 


JJessff^' 


7  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

ANTHROPOLOGY  LIBRARY 

This  publication  is  due  on  the  LAST  DATE 
and  HOUR  stamped  below. 


FEB14S8 

DEC  8    1969 

MAR  30  1976 

DEC  11  1906 

SFP   19  1Q7R 

DEC    8196Z 

MAY  26  199' 

RB  17-50m-7,'65 
(F5759slO)4188 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


/  r  * 


C0373SDbflb 


MILWAUKEE  PUBLIC  MUSEUM 
FROM  S.  A.  BARREIT 


